What Is an Ovarian Cyst?

Understanding ovarian cyst

Check out this answer from Consensus:

Ovarian cysts are a common gynecological issue with various types and causes. While most cysts are benign and resolve on their own, some may require medical or surgical intervention. Understanding the nature of ovarian cysts and their management options can help alleviate anxiety and ensure appropriate care.

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or within an ovary. While they can cause anxiety due to fears of malignancy, the majority of ovarian cysts are benign and often asymptomatic. This article explores the different types of ovarian cysts, their causes, symptoms, and management strategies.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

Functional Ovarian Cysts

Functional ovarian cysts are the most common type and are usually harmless. They form during the menstrual cycle and typically resolve on their own within a few menstrual cycles. There are two main types of functional cysts:

• Follicular cysts: These occur when the follicle does not release an egg and continues to grow.
• Corpus luteum cysts: These form when the follicle releases an egg but fluid accumulates in the corpus luteum.

Endometriotic Cysts

Endometriotic cysts, also known as endometriomas, are associated with endometriosis. They contain blood and can cause significant damage to the surrounding ovarian tissue due to the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory molecules1.

Simple Ovarian Cysts

Simple ovarian cysts are common in postmenopausal women and are usually benign. They often remain unchanged or disappear over time, with a very low malignancy rate of approximately 1 in 10,0002 7.

Complex Ovarian Cysts

Complex cysts have septations, solid components, or irregular walls. While they can appear concerning on imaging, they are not typically associated with ovarian cancer risk factors10.

Causes of Ovarian Cysts

The formation of ovarian cysts can be influenced by various factors:

• Hormonal imbalances: Functional cysts are often related to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle.
• Endometriosis: This condition can lead to the formation of endometriotic cysts.
• Pregnancy: Corpus luteum cysts can develop early in pregnancy.
• Severe pelvic infections: Infections can spread to the ovaries and fallopian tubes, causing cysts.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Many ovarian cysts are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during routine pelvic examinations or imaging studies. However, some cysts can cause symptoms such as:

• Pelvic pain or discomfort
• Bloating or swelling
• Pain during intercourse
• Irregular menstrual cycles
• Frequent urination if the cyst presses on the bladder

Management of Ovarian Cysts

Watchful Waiting

For most simple and functional cysts, watchful waiting is the recommended approach. These cysts often resolve on their own without intervention3 4.

Medical Treatment

Oral contraceptives have been used to prevent the formation of new cysts, although they do not hasten the resolution of existing functional cysts3 4.

Surgical Intervention

Surgery may be necessary for cysts that are large, persistent, or symptomatic. In some cases, the ovary may need to be removed if the cyst is causing significant damage or if there is a concern for malignancy5.