What Is Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid)?

This post was written with Consensus AI Academic Search Engine – please read our Disclaimer at the end of this article. Hypothyroidism, also known as an underactive thyroid, is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones to meet the body’s needs. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, energy generation, and overall hormonal balance. When it fails to produce adequate hormones, various bodily functions can slow down, leading to a range of symptoms and health issues1 2 4.

Causes of Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism can be caused by several factors, including autoimmune diseases, certain medications, radiation therapy, and iodine deficiency. One common cause is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Other causes include surgical removal of the thyroid gland, radiation treatment for head and neck cancers, and certain medications that affect thyroid function4 6 9.

Symptoms

The symptoms of hypothyroidism can vary widely depending on the severity of hormone deficiency. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, and depression. In more severe cases, individuals may experience slowed heart rate, joint pain, and impaired memory2 3 8.

Impact on Health

Hypothyroidism can have significant impacts on various aspects of health. It is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases due to elevated levels of cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk factors like C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine2 8. Additionally, hypothyroidism can lead to reproductive issues, including menstrual irregularities and infertility in women, and impaired spermatogenesis in men9 10.

Subclinical Hypothyroidism

Subclinical hypothyroidism is a milder form of the condition where the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are elevated, but the free thyroxine (fT4) levels remain within the normal range. This condition is more common in older adults and can sometimes progress to overt hypothyroidism. It is often asymptomatic, but some individuals may experience mild symptoms1 5 7.

Diagnosis

Hypothyroidism is diagnosed through blood tests that measure levels of TSH and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). Elevated TSH levels with low T4 levels typically indicate hypothyroidism. In subclinical hypothyroidism, TSH levels are elevated while T4 levels remain normal. Additional tests may include measuring thyroid antibodies to identify autoimmune thyroiditis1 4 7.

Conclusion

Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder with a wide range of symptoms and potential health impacts. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and diagnostic criteria is essential for managing the condition effectively. While treatment information is beyond the scope of this article, recognizing the signs and seeking medical advice for proper diagnosis and management is crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being.

Disclaimer

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