What Is Xanthan Gum? Other Names: Bacterial Polysaccharide, Goma Xantana, Gomme de Sucre de Maïs

What is Xanthan Gum?

This post was written with Consensus AI Academic Search Engine – please read our Disclaimer at the end of this article. Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide used extensively in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to its unique properties as a thickening and stabilizing agent. It is produced through the fermentation of glucose or sucrose by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. This article explores the various applications, benefits, and potential health effects of xanthan gum. Other names include: Bacterial Polysaccharide, Corn Sugar Gum, Goma Xantana, Gomme de Sucre de Maïs, Gomme de Xanthane, Gomme Xanthane, Polysaccharide Bactérien, Polysaccharide de Type Xanthane, Polysaccharide Xanthane, Xanthan, Xanthomonas campestris.

Applications in Food Industry

Xanthan gum is widely used in the food industry to improve the texture and stability of products. It is commonly found in salad dressings, sauces, and baked goods. Its ability to maintain viscosity and prevent ingredient separation makes it an essential additive in many food products. For instance, incorporating xanthan gum in the casing of samosas significantly reduces oil uptake, enhancing the product’s nutritional profile and sensory qualities7.

Pharmaceutical and Medical Uses

In the pharmaceutical industry, xanthan gum is utilized as an excipient in controlled-release formulations. Studies have shown that xanthan gum matrix tablets can effectively control the release of drugs, such as indomethacin, making them bioequivalent to marketed controlled-release products2. Additionally, xanthan gum is used in ophthalmic gels to manage post-traumatic corneal abrasions, reducing the need for prolonged occlusive patching and ensuring good antibiotic prophylaxis3.

Health Benefits and Therapeutic Uses

Xanthan gum has been investigated for its potential health benefits. It has shown promise in managing dry eye disease, where its combination with chondroitin sulfate was found to be as effective as polyethylene glycol/propylene glycol in improving tear film stability and reducing symptoms6. Moreover, xanthan gum injections have been studied for their therapeutic effects on knee osteoarthritis in rabbits, demonstrating significant reductions in inflammatory markers in synovial fluid10.

Potential Health Concerns

Despite its widespread use, xanthan gum can trigger a pro-inflammatory response in certain conditions. For example, a study on Wistar rats indicated that a diet including xanthan gum increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue, although it did not affect tumor development in rats inoculated with Walker 256 tumor cells1. Additionally, the consumption of xanthan gum-enriched beverages did not significantly reduce postprandial glucose, insulin, and C-peptide responses in healthy men, although it did decrease appetite and increase fullness sensations9.

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Adverse Effects of Xanthan Gum

Pro-inflammatory Response

Continuous ingestion of xanthan gum can trigger a pro-inflammatory response, increasing levels of cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 in adipose tissue1.

Acute Toxicity

A single oral dose of a xanthan gum-based hydrogel formulation did not show any signs of acute toxicity, mortality, or pathological changes in vital organs in Wistar rats, suggesting a high tolerance level2.

Swallowing and Hydration

In patients undergoing total maxillectomy, the use of xanthan gum-based fluid thickeners helped maintain hydration levels and improved swallowing functions, although it did not prevent the reduction in dysphagia-related quality of life post-surgery3.

Ophthalmic Use

Xanthan gum in ophthalmic solutions for dry eye treatment was found to be safe and effective, with no significant adverse events related to the treatment4.

Similarly, an eye gel containing xanthan gum used for managing post-traumatic corneal abrasions showed no significant adverse effects and was effective in reducing the need for occlusive patching6.

Dental Erosion

A study on the erosive effects of a blackcurrant/calcium drink with xanthan gum showed that it had low erosive properties similar to other low erosive products, with no significant adverse events reported5.

Glycemic Response and Appetite

Beverages enriched with xanthan gum did not significantly affect postprandial glucose, insulin, and C-peptide responses compared to control beverages. However, they did influence appetite sensations, with one formulation decreasing appetite and increasing fullness7.

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How has Xanthan Gum Improved Patient Outcomes?

Improvement in Dry Eye Symptoms

Xanthan gum, when combined with other agents like chondroitin sulfate, has been shown to be as effective as other treatments in improving tear film break-up time (TBUT) and reducing symptoms of dry eye, as measured by the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)2 3 5.

Enhanced Swallowing Function and Hydration

In patients with post-stroke dysphagia and those undergoing total maxillectomy, xanthan gum-based thickeners have been effective in improving swallowing safety and efficacy, reducing the incidence of aspiration, and maintaining hydration levels4 6 7.

Corneal Healing

An ophthalmic gel containing xanthan gum has been effective in managing traumatic corneal abrasions, reducing the need for occlusive patching and providing good antibiotic prophylaxis during the wound repair process1.

Periodontitis Treatment

The use of a xanthan-based chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) has shown greater improvements in probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) compared to SRP alone, along with better microbiologic and biochemical outcomes9.

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Xanthan gum has been used to enhance the mucoadhesive properties of budesonide formulations, improving the residence time of the drug on the esophageal mucosa, which is beneficial for treating eosinophilic esophagitis10.

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Xanthan Gum Mechanisms of Action

Pro-inflammatory Response

Xanthan gum ingestion increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 in retroperitoneal adipose tissue and TNF-α in mesenteric adipose tissue in rats1.

Controlled-Release Matrix

Xanthan gum is effective in controlled-release (CR) matrix tablet formulations, showing comparable bioequivalence to marketed CR products. It helps in maintaining the drug concentration within the therapeutic range for a longer duration2.

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Common Complaints Associated with Xanthan Gum

Pro-inflammatory Response

Continuous ingestion of xanthan gum can trigger a pro-inflammatory response, leading to increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 in adipose tissue1.

Swallowing Dysfunction and Dehydration

In patients who have undergone total maxillectomy and radiotherapy, the use of xanthan gum-based fluid thickeners can help maintain hydration levels (intracellular water, extracellular water, and total body water). However, these patients still experience a significant reduction in dysphagia-related quality of life and increased swallowing dysfunction postoperatively2.

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Disclaimer

The content presented in this blog is generated by Consensus, an AI-powered academic search engine, and is based on publicly available scientific literature. While every effort is made to provide accurate, up-to-date, and well-researched information, the content is intended for informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any decisions regarding medical conditions, treatments, or medications. The AI system’s analysis may not cover all perspectives, emerging research, or individual cases, and it is not a substitute for professional expertise. Neither the blog publisher nor the developers of the AI-powered search engine are responsible for any actions taken based on the information provided in this content. Use of this information is at your own risk. Citations to the original scientific studies are included for reference, but these studies should be reviewed in full and interpreted with the guidance of a healthcare or research professional.

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