From its very beginning, Quantum Theory developed contrary to the intentions of its creators. For Max Planck it marks the failure of a long-term research program, in which he tried to understand the 2nd law of thermodynamics deterministically in terms of mechanics and electrodynamics. For Albert Einstein it meant a refutation of his scientific credo. I describe parts of the early stages of this most remarkable development, up to Einstein's light-quantum hypotheis and its unfavourable reception by most other physicists.

Quantum Theory developed contrary to the intentions of its creators, Max Planck and Albert Einstein, and refuted their scientific credo, challenging their scientific credo and reversing their scientific credo.

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"Long live effrontery!" Albert Einstein and the birth of Quantum Theory

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