Altitude of the iss
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Altitude of the International Space Station (ISS)
Overview of ISS Altitude
The International Space Station (ISS) orbits the Earth at varying altitudes within the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) range. The altitude of the ISS is a critical factor influencing its operational environment, including atmospheric drag, radiation exposure, and the ability to conduct scientific experiments.
Average Altitude Range
The ISS typically orbits at an altitude ranging from approximately 350 km to 460 km above the Earth's surface. This range allows the ISS to maintain a stable orbit while minimizing the effects of atmospheric drag and radiation exposure1 2 7. The average altitude is often cited around 400 km, providing a balance between operational efficiency and safety for the crew and equipment2.
Specific Altitude Measurements
Several studies have provided specific measurements of the ISS altitude:
- One study mentions the ISS orbiting at about 370 km altitude with a 51.6° inclination, which allows it to pass over a significant portion of the Earth's surface1.
- Another study reports an average altitude of 400 km, emphasizing the partial protection against cosmic radiation provided by the residual atmosphere and geomagnetic field at this height2.
- The European Space Agency's EXPOSE-R2 mission observed the ISS at an average altitude of 415 km, also with a 51.6° inclination6.
Altitude Variability and Reboosts
The altitude of the ISS is not constant and can vary due to several factors, including atmospheric drag and solar activity. To counteract the gradual orbital decay caused by atmospheric drag, the ISS undergoes periodic reboosts to maintain its operational altitude. These reboosts are essential to ensure the station remains within its optimal altitude range4 9.
Impact of Altitude on Radiation Environment
The altitude of the ISS significantly impacts the radiation environment experienced by the station. At altitudes between 350 km and 460 km, the ISS is exposed to geomagnetically trapped protons and electrons, as well as galactic and anomalous cosmic rays. The radiation environment is a critical consideration for the design and operation of the ISS, as it affects both the crew's health and the functionality of onboard equipment7 8.
Conclusion
The ISS orbits the Earth at altitudes typically ranging from 350 km to 460 km, with an average altitude around 400 km. This altitude range is carefully maintained through periodic reboosts to balance operational efficiency, safety, and scientific research capabilities. The altitude also plays a crucial role in determining the radiation environment, which is a key factor in the design and operation of the ISS.
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