Angiotensin 1 converting enzyme
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Angiotensin 1 Converting Enzyme: Key Roles and Therapeutic Implications
Overview of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)
Angiotensin converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) is a crucial component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. ACE1 is an integral membrane-bound protein with active sites directed towards extracellular spaces. In mammals, two isoforms of ACE1 are expressed: a single domain germinal isoform essential for male fertility and a double domain somatic isoform that plays a pivotal role in the RAS. Both domains of the somatic isoform are active but exhibit different substrate affinities, indicating distinct physiological roles.
ACE Inhibitors and Blood Pressure Regulation
ACE1 catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that significantly influences blood pressure regulation. Inhibitors of ACE1, derived from various sources including food proteins, are utilized in pharmaceuticals and functional foods to manage hypertension. For instance, peptides derived from glycinin, a major storage protein in soybeans, have demonstrated potent ACE inhibitory properties. These peptides, particularly a pentapeptide sequence (Val-Leu-Ile-Val-Pro), have shown significant potential as competitive inhibitors of ACE1, offering a promising avenue for developing therapeutic functional foods.
ACE2 and Its Protective Role
ACE2, a homologue of ACE1, has emerged as a critical enzyme in the RAS. Unlike ACE1, ACE2 converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9 and further to angiotensin-(1-7), which exerts vasodilatory and anti-proliferative effects. ACE2 is predominantly expressed in the heart, kidneys, and testis, and its activity is not inhibited by common ACE inhibitors like lisinopril or captopril. The unique cleavage of key vasoactive peptides by ACE2 suggests its essential role in the local RAS of the heart and kidney, providing a counter-regulatory mechanism against the effects of angiotensin II .
Angiotensin-(1-7) and the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas Axis
Angiotensin-(1-7) is now recognized as a biologically active component of the RAS, exerting effects opposite to those of angiotensin II. The ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis represents an endogenous counter-regulatory pathway within the RAS. This axis mitigates the vasoconstrictive and proliferative actions of the ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptor pathway, highlighting its potential therapeutic importance in cardiovascular and renal systems .
Enzymatic Pathways and ROS Modulation
The ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-AT7R pathway also plays a significant role in modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation within the cell nucleus. Studies have shown that this pathway can attenuate the ROS formation induced by angiotensin II, providing a protective mechanism against oxidative stress and cellular damage. This modulation is particularly evident in older adults, where the ACE2 pathway helps counteract the increased ROS formation associated with aging.
Comparative Enzymatic Activities
In addition to ACE1 and ACE2, other enzymes such as prolyl endopeptidase and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 are involved in the processing of angiotensin peptides. These enzymes can form angiotensin-(1-7) from angiotensin I, contributing to the complexity of the RAS cascade. Understanding the distinct roles and interactions of these enzymes is crucial for developing targeted therapies for hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases.
Conclusion
The angiotensin converting enzyme system, encompassing ACE1 and ACE2, plays a vital role in regulating blood pressure and maintaining cardiovascular health. The therapeutic potential of ACE inhibitors, particularly those derived from natural sources, and the protective effects of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis underscore the importance of this system in medical research and treatment. Further exploration of these pathways could lead to innovative treatments for hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions.
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