What animal is most closely related to dinosaurs
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Birds as the Closest Living Relatives to Dinosaurs
Evolutionary Link Between Birds and Dinosaurs
Birds are widely recognized as the closest living relatives to dinosaurs, specifically theropod dinosaurs. This connection is supported by extensive comparative genomics and anatomical studies. Birds are considered living theropod dinosaurs, a group that includes well-known species like Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor4. The evolutionary lineage of birds can be traced back to small, feathered theropods, which exhibit numerous anatomical similarities with modern birds, such as the structure of the tibiotarsus5.
Genomic Evidence
Comparative cytogenomics has provided significant insights into the relationship between birds and dinosaurs. Studies have shown that the genome organization of birds, characterized by a high number of chromosomes, is likely similar to that of their dinosaur ancestors. This genomic structure, which includes both macro- and microchromosomes, is thought to have been established around 255 million years ago, before the divergence of Testudines (turtles) and Archosaurs (a group that includes dinosaurs and modern birds)4. This suggests that dinosaurs had a genome organization similar to that of modern birds, such as chickens and emus, which may have contributed to their extensive phenotypic diversity.
Anatomical and Fossil Evidence
Fossil evidence further supports the close relationship between birds and theropod dinosaurs. For instance, the discovery of Hesperonychus elizabethae, a small dromaeosaurid from the Late Cretaceous, highlights the presence of bird-like features in non-avian theropods. Hesperonychus is part of the Microraptorinae clade, which includes feathered dinosaurs like Microraptor and Sinornithosaurus, known for their bird-like characteristics3. These findings indicate that small, feathered theropods were a significant component of the carnivorous dinosaur community and share a close evolutionary relationship with modern birds.
Functional Morphology and Behavior
The functional morphology of theropod dinosaurs also shows convergence with modern birds. For example, the study of Saurosuchus galilei, a pseudosuchian archosaur, reveals similarities in skull structure and stress distribution with theropod dinosaurs like Allosaurus fragilis. These similarities suggest that theropods had strong skulls capable of powerful bites, a trait that is also observed in modern birds of prey10. This functional convergence further underscores the close evolutionary relationship between birds and theropod dinosaurs.
Conclusion
In conclusion, birds are the closest living relatives to dinosaurs, specifically theropod dinosaurs. This relationship is supported by genomic, anatomical, and fossil evidence, which collectively highlight the evolutionary continuity from non-avian theropods to modern birds. The study of these connections not only enhances our understanding of dinosaur biology but also sheds light on the evolutionary processes that gave rise to the diverse avian species we see today.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
A new specimen of Stenonychosaurus from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta
Stenonychosaurus inequalis is closely related to Saurornithoides mongoliensis, a small theropod dinosaur from the Cretaceous Oldman Formation of Alberta.
Highly CitedSystematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)
This study reveals that 11 species of stegosaur are valid, with Tuojiangosaurus, Loricatosaurus, and Paranthodon as sister taxa to Stegosaurus, and Gigantspinosaurus as the most basal stegosaur.
Highly CitedA microraptorine (Dinosauria–Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of North America
Hesperonychus elizabethae is the first microraptorine known from North America, suggesting a significant carnivore community in the Late Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada.
Highly CitedDinosaurs: Comparative Cytogenomics of Their Reptile Cousins and Avian Descendants
Dinosaurs likely had similar chromosome patterns to birds, contributing to their diverse appearance and function, and their ability to survive multiple extinction events.
Rigorous JournalReconsideration of the Evidence for a Common Dinosaur-Avian Stem in the Permian. Dinosaur Contributions, No. 4
The evidence for a common dinosaur-avian stem in the Permian period may be strengthened by recent discoveries of new avian resemblances among dinosaurs.
A Sauropodomorph (Dinosauria, Saurischia) Specimen from the Upper Triassic of Southern Brazil and the Early Increase in Size in Sauropodomorpha
The new sauropodomorph specimen from southern Brazil provides evidence for an early increase in body size in Sauropodomorpha, with a weight of 3.2 times heavier than Buriolestes schultzi, the earliest-branching sauropod.
The Anatomy of Asilisaurus kongwe, a Dinosauriform from the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds (~Middle Triassic) of Africa
This study provides the first complete anatomy of Asilisaurus kongwe, a dinosauriform from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania, revealing its unique skull and plesiomorphic features, suggesting high homoplasy and parallel trends within Silesauridae and early dinosaur lineages
A tiny ornithodiran archosaur from the Triassic of Madagascar and the role of miniaturization in dinosaur and pterosaur ancestry
The early ornithodirans (Kongonaphon kely) from the Triassic of Madagascar show a miniaturization event near the common ancestor of dinosaurs and pterosaurs, potentially explaining the origins of flight in pterosaurs and fuzzy integu
A New Large-Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America
Anzu wyliei is a new large-bodied oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of North and South Dakota, likely a generalist that fed on vegetation, small animals, and eggs.
Rigorous JournalHighly CitedFunctional morphology of the Triassic apex predator Saurosuchus galilei (Pseudosuchia: Loricata) and convergence with a post‐Triassic theropod dinosaur
Saurosuchus galilei, a Triassic apex predator, had a strong skull and exhibited some convergence with theropods, but had a weak bite and may have avoided tooth-bone interactions and consumed softer parts of carcasses.
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