Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) fruit extract ameliorates endothelial dysfunction and liver damage
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Wax Apple (Syzygium samarangense) Fruit Extract Ameliorates Endothelial Dysfunction and Liver Damage
Introduction to Wax Apple and Its Health Benefits
Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is a tropical fruit known for its high nutritional and medicinal value. Recent studies have highlighted its potential in ameliorating endothelial dysfunction and liver damage through various bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, and unique lactone derivatives.
Hepatoprotective Effects of Wax Apple Extracts
Nrf2 Pathway Activation and Liver Protection
Research has demonstrated that extracts from wax apple leaves can activate the Nrf2 pathway, a crucial regulator of antioxidant response. This activation helps protect liver cells from acetaminophen-induced damage, a common cause of liver carcinogenesis. In particular, water extracts of wax apple leaves (WAL) have shown significant efficacy in recovering cell viability in mouse liver AML12 cells subjected to acetaminophen-induced injury. This suggests that wax apple extracts could be a promising approach for preventing liver damage and potentially liver cancer.
Polysaccharides and Oxidative Damage Suppression
Wax apple polysaccharide (WAP) has been isolated and studied for its protective effects against ethyl carbamate (EC)-induced oxidative damage in human hepatocytes. WAP was found to significantly reduce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress markers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide anion (O2•−) formation. Additionally, WAP improved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and glutathione (GSH) levels, indicating its strong potential as a therapeutic agent for hepatic oxidative damage.
Neuroprotective Properties of Wax Apple Compounds
Syzysamalactone and Neuroprotection
A phytochemical investigation of wax apple fruits led to the discovery of a new δ-lactone derivative, syzysamalactone, along with a known related compound, 6-pentyl-α-pyrone. Both compounds exhibited notable neuroprotective effects in human neuroblastoma cells, with syzysamalactone showing an EC50 value of 0.29 μM. These findings suggest that wax apple compounds may also offer neuroprotective benefits, potentially extending their therapeutic applications beyond liver health.
Conclusion
The bioactive compounds found in wax apple, including polysaccharides and unique lactone derivatives, exhibit significant protective effects against liver damage and oxidative stress. By activating the Nrf2 pathway and reducing oxidative damage, these compounds hold promise for therapeutic use in preventing and treating liver diseases. Additionally, the neuroprotective properties of certain wax apple compounds further highlight the fruit's potential in promoting overall health. Further research, particularly in vivo and clinical studies, is needed to fully understand and validate these health benefits.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Abstract LB-176: Extracts ofPsidium guajava(guava) andSyzygium samarangense(wax apple) leaves and teas with Nrf2 induction activity protect mouse AML12 hepatocytes from tumor-initiating acetaminophen-induced damage
Syzysamalactone, an Unusual 11-Carbon δ-Lactone Derivative from the Fresh Ripe Fruits of Syzygium samarangense (Wax Apple).
Polysaccharide isolated from wax apple suppresses ethyl carbamate-induced oxidative damage in human hepatocytes
High resolution UPLC-MS/MS profiling of polyphenolics in the methanol extract of Syzygium samarangense leaves and its hepatoprotective activity in rats with CCl4-induced hepatic damage.
Protective effect of wax apple (Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry) against streptozotocin-induced pancreatic ß-cell damage in diabetic rats.
Wax Apple (Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry): A Comprehensive Review in Phytochemical and Physiological Perspectives
An Extract from Wax Apple (Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merrill and Perry) Effects Glycogenesis and Glycolysis Pathways in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Treated FL83B Mouse Hepatocytes
Growth, distribution and physiochemical properties of wax apple (Syzygium samarangense): A Review
The haplotype-resolved autotetraploid genome assembly provides insights into the genomic evolution and fruit divergence in wax apple (Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. and Perry)
Vescalagin from Pink Wax Apple [Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merrill and Perry] Alleviates Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Ameliorates Glycemic Metabolism Abnormality in Rats Fed a High-Fructose Diet.
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