Asthma definition
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Understanding Asthma: Definition and Key Characteristics
Chronic Inflammatory Disorder of the Airways
Asthma is widely recognized as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. This inflammation is associated with the recruitment of inflammatory cells, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough . The chronic nature of this inflammation often results in variable airflow obstruction, which can change in severity over time, either spontaneously or in response to treatment .
Variable Airflow Obstruction
One of the most concise definitions of asthma is "variable airflow obstruction". This variability is a hallmark of the disease, where the degree of airway narrowing can fluctuate, leading to episodic symptoms. The obstruction is often reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment, although in some cases, particularly with long-standing asthma, the obstruction may become less reversible .
Clinical Symptoms and Diagnosis
Asthma is clinically characterized by recurrent episodes of wheeze, cough, and breathlessness . These symptoms are often triggered by various stimuli, including allergens, cold air, atmospheric irritants, and exercise. The diagnosis of asthma typically involves recognizing patterns of these characteristic symptoms and confirming variable or reversible airflow obstruction through pulmonary function tests .
Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
The pathophysiology of asthma involves complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. These interactions lead to airway inflammation and structural changes, such as airway remodeling, which can begin as early as in utero . The disease progression is influenced by allergic sensitization and viral-induced wheezing, with different underlying mechanisms (or endotypes) contributing to the heterogeneity of asthma.
Genetic and Environmental Influences
Asthma's development is strongly linked to genetic predispositions and environmental exposures. Epigenetic mechanisms play a significant role in how these factors interact, influencing the onset and progression of the disease. Common risk factors include a history of atopy, exposure to tobacco smoke, and respiratory infections during early childhood.
Conclusion
Asthma is a multifaceted disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation, variable airflow obstruction, and a range of clinical symptoms. Understanding its definition and underlying mechanisms is crucial for effective diagnosis and management. The variability in symptoms and response to treatment underscores the need for personalized approaches in managing this common yet complex respiratory condition.
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