Atomoxetine 40mg
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Atomoxetine 40mg: Effects and Applications
Atomoxetine and Inhibitory Control
Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus Activation
Atomoxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), is known for its efficacy in treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A study involving 19 healthy volunteers demonstrated that a 40mg dose of atomoxetine significantly improved inhibitory control. This improvement was linked to increased activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus, a brain region associated with response inhibition. The study found a significant correlation between plasma levels of atomoxetine and activation in this brain region during successful inhibition attempts, suggesting that atomoxetine enhances inhibitory control by modulating right inferior frontal function.
Atomoxetine and Salivary Alpha-Amylase
Central Norepinephrine Activity
Research has shown that atomoxetine increases central norepinephrine levels, which can be inferred from changes in salivary alpha-amylase (SAA). In a study with 24 healthy adults, a 40mg dose of atomoxetine significantly increased SAA secretion and concentrations, more than doubling baseline levels. This increase was observed 75-180 minutes post-treatment. Additionally, salivary cortisol levels also doubled, and changes in cortisol positively correlated with SAA, indicating that SAA could serve as a non-invasive marker for central norepinephrine activity.
Atomoxetine and Error Monitoring
Prefrontal Cortex Functioning
Atomoxetine has been shown to modulate error monitoring, a key component of cognitive control. In a study with 12 healthy male volunteers, a 40mg dose of atomoxetine increased neural sensitivity to errors, as evidenced by heightened error signals in the bilateral inferior frontal cortex and presupplementary motor area. Despite this increased neural sensitivity, there was a deterioration in inhibitory control, suggesting that atomoxetine may push the norepinephrine system beyond its optimal working range.
Atomoxetine in Parkinson’s Disease
Response Inhibition and Brain Connectivity
In patients with Parkinson’s disease, atomoxetine has been found to enhance response inhibition. A study involving 21 patients revealed that a 40mg dose of atomoxetine increased activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus and improved functional connectivity between this region and the striatum. These effects were more pronounced in patients with higher structural frontostriatal connectivity, indicating that atomoxetine may improve cognitive functions related to response inhibition in Parkinson’s disease by enhancing prefrontal cortical activation and frontostriatal connectivity.
Atomoxetine and Binge-Eating Disorder
Reduction in Binge-Eating Episodes
Atomoxetine has also been investigated for its potential in treating binge-eating disorder (BED). In a 10-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients receiving atomoxetine (40-120 mg/day) showed a significant reduction in binge-eating episode frequency compared to those receiving a placebo. Additionally, atomoxetine was associated with reductions in weight, body mass index, and scores on various clinical scales, indicating its efficacy in the short-term treatment of BED.
Conclusion
Atomoxetine at a 40mg dose has demonstrated significant effects across various domains, including improving inhibitory control, increasing central norepinephrine activity, modulating error monitoring, enhancing response inhibition in Parkinson’s disease, and reducing binge-eating episodes. These findings highlight the broad therapeutic potential of atomoxetine, particularly in conditions involving cognitive and behavioral control.
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