Belchers sea snake
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Belcher's Sea Snake: Distribution, Taxonomy, and Conservation
Distribution of Belcher's Sea Snake
Geographic Range and New Records
Belcher's sea snake, scientifically known as Chitulia belcheri (Gray, 1849), has been recorded in various locations across the Indo-Pacific region. Notably, the first reliable record of this species from Australian waters, specifically the Arafura Sea, has been documented, expanding its known range. Additionally, Chitulia belcheri has been identified in Vietnamese waters through surveys of fishing vessels, further confirming its presence in Southeast Asia.
Taxonomy and Species Composition
Genus Chitulia and Related Taxa
The genus Chitulia falls within the broader group of sea snakes known as Hydrophis sensu lato, which includes genera such as Leisoelasma, Polyodontognathus, and Hydrophis sensu stricto. The taxonomic status and species composition of the genus Chitulia have been subjects of discussion, with a revised key to the species provided to aid in accurate identification.
Conservation and Human Interaction
Harvest and Trade in Southeast Asia
The conservation status of sea snakes, including Chitulia belcheri, is of growing concern due to extensive harvesting activities. In the Gulf of Thailand, sea snakes are heavily harvested by squid fishers, with an estimated 82 tons, or approximately 225,500 individuals, being brought to ports annually. This large-scale exploitation is driven by emerging markets in Southeast Asia, where sea snakes are used for human consumption and traditional remedies. The trade is synchronized with the lunar cycle, and there has been a noted decline in the mass of sea snakes harvested over a four-year period.
Conclusion
Belcher's sea snake (Chitulia belcheri) is a rare and geographically widespread species with significant records in Australian and Vietnamese waters. The genus Chitulia is part of a complex taxonomic group requiring careful identification. Conservation efforts are urgently needed to address the large-scale harvesting and trade of sea snakes in Southeast Asia, which poses a threat to their populations and highlights the need for monitoring and sustainable practices.
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