Big bamg theory
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Big Bang Theory: Insights from BAM and String Theory
Introduction to the Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Theory is a scientific explanation for the origin of the universe, describing how it expanded from a very high-density and high-temperature state. This theory is supported by a wide range of evidence from cosmology, physics, and astronomy. However, the term "Big Bang" can also be found in other scientific contexts, such as in the study of molecular biology and string theory.
The β-Barrel Assembly Machinery (BAM) in Molecular Biology
BAM's Role in Outer Membrane Protein Biogenesis
The β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) is crucial for the biogenesis of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in Gram-negative bacteria. These OMPs have a membrane-embedded domain consisting of a β-barrel fold, which can vary from 8 to 36 β-strands. These proteins play diverse roles in the cell, including nutrient uptake and virulence1.
Structural Insights and Mechanisms
BAM was first identified nearly two decades ago, and recent advancements have provided a clearer depiction of its structure and function. The molecular structure of the full BAM complex has been reported, revealing intra-complex interactions and conformational changes during OMP biogenesis. Despite these advances, the exact mechanism of BAM-mediated OMP biogenesis remains elusive. Various theories have been proposed, but none have been conclusive enough to be widely accepted1.
Big Bang Models in String Theory
Resolving Spacetime Singularities
In the context of string theory, the Big Bang is explored through the resolution of spacetime singularities. String theory offers potential solutions to certain static singularities, which are points where physical quantities become infinite2.
Cosmological Singularities and Models
Efforts to resolve cosmological singularities in string theory have focused on specific models, such as the Milne orbifold and the matrix big bang. These models aim to provide a coherent framework for understanding the initial conditions of the universe and its subsequent evolution2.
Conclusion
The term "Big Bang" spans multiple scientific disciplines, from the biogenesis of outer membrane proteins in bacteria to the resolution of cosmological singularities in string theory. While significant progress has been made in both fields, many questions remain unanswered, driving ongoing research and exploration. Understanding these complex mechanisms, whether at the molecular or cosmological level, continues to be a frontier of scientific inquiry.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
The big BAM theory: An open and closed case?
The mechanism for BAM-mediated OMP biogenesis remains elusive, with several theories having varying degrees of support, but no single theory has yet been widely accepted as the sole mechanism.
Big bang models in string theory
String theory attempts to resolve cosmological singularities, focusing on the Milne orbifold and the matrix big bang models, at the RTN Winter School on Strings, Supergravity, and Gauge Theories, CERN, 2006.
Quantum nature of the big bang.
The big bang is replaced by a big bounce in homogeneous isotropic models with a scalar field, allowing for a detailed realization of the "emergent time" idea and ensuring deterministic quantum evolution across the deep Planck regime.
Highly CitedA chaotic-based big bang–big crunch algorithm for solving global optimisation problems
The chaotic-based big bang-big crunch algorithm effectively tackles local optima traps and outperforms conventional methods, cuckoo search, and gravitational search algorithms in solving global optimisation problems.
A new optimization method: Big Bang-Big Crunch
The Big Bang-Big Crunch (BB-BC) method outperforms traditional genetic algorithms and classical genetic algorithms in various benchmark test functions.
Highly CitedComposition and biomechanical properties of the bladder acellular matrix graft: comparative analysis in rat, pig and human.
The bladder acellular matrix graft (BAMG) shows variations in structure but similar biomechanical properties to the normal urinary bladder in rats, pigs, and humans, with potential for use as a diagnostic tool.
RCTHighly CitedApplying the big bang-big crunch metaheuristic to large-sized operational problems
The big bang-big crunch metaheuristic (BBBC) effectively manages operational problems by maintaining a good balance between diversity and quality, producing high-quality solutions and outperforming similar metaheuristics.
The Ekpyrotic universe: Colliding branes and the origin of the hot big bang
The hot big bang universe is produced by the collision of a brane with a bounding orbifold plane, addressing cosmological horizon, flatness, and monopole problems without invoking superluminal expansion.
Highly CitedM theory model of a big crunch/big bang transition
The M theory model of a big crunch/big bang transition shows that interactions between string theory gravitons and orbifold planes are well-behaved and small gravitational backreactions.
Highly CitedFrom big crunch to big bang
A universe contracting towards a big crunch can transition to an expanding big bang universe, potentially leading to new cosmological models and a simplification of the ekpyrotic scenario.
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