Black hole in 3d
Pro Research Analysisby 
Searched over 200M research papers
Understanding Black Holes in 3D: Key Insights and Developments
Horizon Strings and 3D Black Hole Microstates
Recent research proposes that three-dimensional (3D) black holes can be understood as an ensemble of tensionless null string states. These microstates typically exhibit non-zero winding, and their combinatorial properties have been shown to reproduce the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, including its semiclassical logarithmic corrections. This perspective provides a novel way to explore the microscopic structure of black holes in 3D.
Moving and Radiating Black Holes in 3D
The dynamics of moving black holes in 3D have been modeled using a worldtube-nullcone boundary value problem. This approach allows for the evolution of data within the region interior to the worldtube but exterior to a trapped surface, using ingoing null hypersurfaces. Notably, the characteristic evolution method has demonstrated the ability to stably track black holes, even when the worldtube wobbles periodically, thus providing a robust framework for investigating new aspects of black hole physics.
Numerical Evolution and Excision Techniques
Advancements in numerical techniques have significantly improved the long-term evolution of 3D black holes. By employing dynamic gauge conditions and excision methods, researchers have been able to drive highly distorted, rotating black holes to an almost static state at late times. These techniques have enabled the extraction of accurate gravitational waveforms from simulations, surpassing the longevity and accuracy of traditional 2D codes . This progress is crucial for studying the detailed dynamics and wave emissions of black holes in 3D.
Grazing Collisions and Gravitational Waveforms
For the first time, gravitational waveforms have been computed for the grazing collision of two black holes with angular momentum, spin, and unequal mass. These 3D numerical evolutions track the collision through the merger and part of the ringdown period of the final black hole. The results show that the total energy radiated in gravitational waves is consistent with the initial mass of the system and the apparent horizon mass of the final black hole, providing valuable insights into the energy dynamics of such collisions.
Inner Mechanics and Higher-Derivative Gravity
Investigations into the inner horizons of black holes in higher-derivative three-dimensional gravity theories have revealed that a first law is satisfied at the inner horizon. This finding aligns with previous theoretical proposals and highlights the complex interplay between different horizons in black hole spacetimes. Additionally, in topologically massive gravity, the product of the areas of the inner and outer horizons is not independent of the mass, indicating a deeper connection to the diffeomorphism anomaly of the theory.
Synthetic Images and Magnetospheric Reconnection
The first 3D global general-relativistic particle-in-cell simulation of a black-hole magnetosphere has been conducted, revealing a persistent equatorial current sheet. Synthetic radio images generated from these simulations show time-dependent features such as a variable radius of the ring and moving hot spots. These findings are expected to enhance the understanding of black-hole magnetospheres, especially with future observations at improved temporal and spatial resolutions.
Fuzzy and Discrete Black Hole Models
Using quantum Riemannian geometry, researchers have developed models of 3D black holes with noncommutative fuzzy spheres and discrete circles. These models exhibit unique radial behaviors and provide insights into the classical limits of black hole spacetimes. Such studies are essential for understanding the quantum aspects of black holes and their classical analogs.
Conclusion
The study of black holes in 3D has seen significant advancements across various fronts, from understanding microstates and dynamics to improving numerical simulations and exploring quantum models. These developments not only deepen our understanding of black hole physics but also pave the way for future research and observations in this intriguing field.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic