Blue capsules
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Innovative Blue Capsules for Methylene Blue Removal
3D Honeycomb Architecture Capsules
Recent advancements in capsule technology have led to the development of innovative capsules with a three-dimensional honeycomb architecture designed for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. These capsules are created using a one-step titration-gel method, combining polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (SA), and graphene oxide (GO). The resulting capsules exhibit a distinct micro-porous structure and hierarchical pore size distribution, which significantly enhances their adsorption capacity. The addition of glutaraldehyde (GA) as a co-cross-linking agent further increases the specific surface area and provides exceptional tolerance across a wide pH range (2-12). These capsules demonstrate superior performance compared to PVA-SA capsules, improving adsorption capacity by up to 21.94% and following the Langmuir isotherm model.
Sodium Alginate-Silicon Oxide Capsules
Another study highlights the fabrication of sodium alginate-silicon oxide (SA-SiO2) capsules using a similar one-step titration-gel method. These capsules also show a wide pH tolerance and feature micro-porous fracture apertures and microscopic re-entrant structures, which enhance the interaction between MB and the capsule surface. The maximum adsorption capacity of these capsules was found to be 350.80 mg/g at a pH of 8, with a 12.82% enhancement compared to neat capsules. The adsorption mechanism is primarily governed by ion-exchange and electrostatic attraction, fitting well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and Langmuir absorption isothermal model.
Prussian Blue Nanocontainers and Capsules
Prussian Blue Nanocontainers
Prussian blue (PB) nanocontainers have been developed using emulsion-induced assembly of a metal-containing amphiphilic block ionomer. These hollow polymer-based particles are selectively permeable and can encapsulate and release active compounds. The PB inner shell enhances stability and permeability, making these nanocontainers suitable for pharmaceutical, biological, and catalytic applications.
Prussian Blue-Alginate Capsules for Thallium(I) Sorption
In another application, Prussian blue was immobilized in alginate capsules to recover thallium(I) ions from slightly acidic solutions. The sorption isotherm follows a bi-site Langmuir model, indicating two different sorption sites with varying affinities for Tl(I). The capsules demonstrate effective sorption kinetics, described by the pseudo-second-order rate equation or Crank's equation, and maintain their reactive groups for metal binding even after sorption.
Blue Citrus-Based Herbal Capsules
Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulation
A blue citrus-based herbal capsule has been formulated as an oral medication with potential analgesic properties. This capsule contains the Chinese herb blue citrus (qing pi), derived from the dried immature green peel of Citrus reticulata Blanco, which is rich in limonene, citral, and synephrine. These components are believed to contribute to the capsule's analgesic activity, although the exact mechanism remains to be fully understood.
Blue Light Therapy Capsules
Treatment for Helicobacter pylori
A novel photo-medical capsule emitting blue light has been designed for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. This capsule includes modules for pH sensing, light-emitting diode driver circuits, radio communication, and power management. It can differentiate locations within the gastrointestinal tract by monitoring pH values and activate the blue light accordingly. Experimental tests have shown that the capsule can operate effectively for over 32 minutes, with reliable wireless communication of pH values to an external receiver.
Conclusion
The development of blue capsules spans a wide range of applications, from environmental remediation and medical treatments to traditional herbal medicine. Innovations in capsule design, such as the incorporation of 3D honeycomb structures and Prussian blue nanocontainers, have significantly enhanced their functionality and effectiveness. These advancements hold promise for future applications in various fields, including environmental science, healthcare, and pharmaceuticals.
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