Bpad causes
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Causes of Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD)
Genetic Factors in BPAD
Genetic Susceptibility and Inheritance
Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) is significantly influenced by genetic factors. Studies have shown that BPAD is highly inherited, with genetic variations playing a crucial role in its development. For instance, research has identified the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) gene, which is essential for serotonin synthesis, as a susceptibility gene for BPAD. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within TPH2 have been associated with the disorder, indicating a strong genetic component2. Additionally, a genome-wide linkage scan in the Old Order Amish population has identified loci on chromosome 4 that are linked to mental health wellness, suggesting that certain alleles may prevent or reduce the risk of developing BPAD5.
Chromosomal and Gene Disruptions
Further genetic studies have identified disruptions in specific genes that co-segregate with BPAD. For example, a mannosyltransferase gene at 11q23 has been disrupted by a translocation breakpoint in a family with a high incidence of BPAD, although its role in disease susceptibility remains unconfirmed6. Moreover, circadian rhythm genes such as PERIOD3 and ARNTL have shown suggestive evidence of association with BPAD, highlighting the potential influence of circadian system malfunctions on the disorder8.
Environmental and Biological Factors
Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Factors
BPAD is not solely caused by genetic factors; environmental influences also play a significant role. The interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental factors can trigger the onset of BPAD. For individuals with Intellectual Disability (ID), the diagnosis of BPAD may be delayed or missed due to communication deficits and atypical clinical presentations. This highlights the importance of considering both genetic and environmental factors in the diagnosis and treatment of BPAD1.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Mitochondrial dysfunction has also been implicated in BPAD. Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMD), which are caused by mutations in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, have been associated with a high comorbidity of neuropsychiatric syndromes, including BPAD. This suggests that alterations in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism may contribute to the development of BPAD7.
Conclusion
BPAD is a complex disorder with multifactorial causes. Genetic factors, including specific gene disruptions and circadian rhythm gene variations, play a significant role in its development. Environmental influences and mitochondrial dysfunction further contribute to the disorder's onset and progression. Understanding the interplay between these factors is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of BPAD.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Support for tryptophan hydroxylase-2 as a susceptibility gene for bipolar affective disorder.
TPH2 gene variants are strongly associated with bipolar affective disorder, suggesting a role for TPH2 in the etiology of the disorder.
Observational StudyStigma in Bipolar Affective Disorder: A Systematic Quantitative Literature Review of Indian Studies
Stigma in bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) is substantial in India, with less stigma than schizophrenia but more than anxiety disorders, affecting self-esteem, community participation, and quality of life for patients and their caregivers.
Systematic Review
Rigorous JournalImpact of Pharmacist–Psychiatrist Collaborative Patient Education on Medication Adherence and Quality of Life (QOL) of Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) Patients
Pharmacist-psychiatrist collaborative patient education significantly improves medication adherence and quality of life for bipolar affective disorder patients.
RCTA genome-wide search for chromosomal loci linked to mental health wellness in relatives at high risk for bipolar affective disorder among the Old Order Amish.
Two chromosomal loci identified in this study may help prevent or modify the clinical manifestations of bipolar affective disorder and related affective disorders.
Observational Study
Highly CitedA mannosyltransferase gene at 11q23 is disrupted by a translocation breakpoint that co-segregates with bipolar affective disorder in a small family
A mannosyltransferase gene at 11q23 is disrupted in a family with bipolar affective disorder, but its role in disease susceptibility remains unconfirmed.
Observational StudyPrimary mitochondrial diseases increase susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder
Primary mitochondrial diseases increase the susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder and other affective syndromes, such as major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder.
Observational StudyRigorous JournalSuggestive evidence for association of the circadian genes PERIOD3 and ARNTL with bipolar disorder
ARNTL and PER3 genes show suggestive involvement in bipolar disorder, warranting further study in a larger sample.
Observational StudyHighly CitedCritique of a systematic review and meta‐analysis of premature mortality in bipolar affective disorder
This meta-analysis highlights premature mortality in bipolar affective disorder, but methodological flaws and lack of subtype diagnosis should be addressed for more accurate conclusions.
Systematic ReviewRigorous JournalReply
This meta-analysis highlights the premature mortality in bipolar affective disorder, but methodological flaws and lack of subtype diagnosis should be addressed for more accurate conclusions.
Systematic ReviewRigorous Journal