B-Site Dopping with Zn or Cd for peroveskite solar cells
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B-Site Doping with Zn or Cd for Perovskite Solar Cells
Introduction to Perovskite Solar Cells
Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a promising technology in the field of photovoltaics due to their high power conversion efficiencies and potential for low-cost production. However, stability and efficiency remain critical challenges. Recent research has focused on B-site doping with elements like Zinc (Zn) and Cadmium (Cd) to enhance these properties.
Zinc Doping in Perovskite Solar Cells
Enhanced Efficiency and Stability with Zn-Doped SnO2
Zn-doping in SnO2 has shown significant improvements in the performance of perovskite solar cells. By introducing Zn into SnO2, researchers have achieved better energy level alignment and increased conductivity, which enhances electron transfer and extraction while reducing charge recombination. This has led to a notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.78% in low-temperature processed, carbon-based perovskite solar cells. Additionally, these devices demonstrated remarkable stability, maintaining nearly 100% of their initial efficiency over 1200 hours in ambient air.
Low-Temperature Processing with ZnO
ZnO has also been utilized as an electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells. Flexible, low-temperature, solution-processed ZnO-based perovskite solar cells have achieved conversion efficiencies of 8.90% on rigid substrates and 2.62% on flexible ones. This approach allows for the fabrication of flexible solar cells, which are advantageous for various applications.
ZnO1-xSx as an ETL
Another innovative approach involves using zinc oxy-sulphide (ZnO1-xSx) as an ETL. This material allows for bandgap tuning, making it a suitable replacement for traditional CdS in perovskite solar cells. Simulations of FASnI3-based perovskite solar cells with Zn(O0.3, S0.7) as the ETL have shown a potential PCE of 25.94%, highlighting the efficiency and environmental benefits of this lead-free alternative.
Cadmium Doping in Perovskite Solar Cells
Stability Enhancement with Cd Doping
Cd doping has been explored to address the stability issues of perovskite solar cells. The incorporation of Cd into the perovskite structure has been shown to suppress the formation of atomic vacancies, which are a major source of degradation in the presence of water and oxygen. Cd-containing cells have demonstrated an order of magnitude improvement in unencapsulated stability compared to state-of-the-art mixed perovskite solar cells, both in shelf storage and under maximum power point operation in ambient air with 50% relative humidity. This indicates that Cd doping can significantly enhance the durability of perovskite solar cells.
Conclusion
B-site doping with Zn or Cd in perovskite solar cells offers promising pathways to enhance both efficiency and stability. Zn doping, particularly in SnO2 and ZnO-based ETLs, has shown substantial improvements in electron transport and device stability. On the other hand, Cd doping effectively suppresses defect formation, leading to enhanced stability in ambient conditions. These advancements pave the way for the development of more efficient and durable perovskite solar cells, bringing them closer to commercial viability.
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