Calcium liquid
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Advances in Calcium Liquid Research
Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Calcium Using Ionic Liquids
Recent studies have explored the use of microfluidic systems for the liquid-liquid extraction of calcium ions, highlighting the benefits of lower consumption and high extraction efficiency. Specifically, the use of ionic liquids such as 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIM NTf2) and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMIM NTf2) has been shown to enhance extraction performance. The research indicates that shorter alkyl chains in ionic liquids result in higher extraction efficiency. Additionally, the study optimized parameters such as calcium concentration, crown ether concentration, and pH, achieving a maximum extraction efficiency of 50% under specific conditions. The use of spiral microchannels in microfluidic systems further improved efficiency, reaching up to 52% under optimal flow rates.
Liquid-Liquid Separation in Supersaturated Calcium Carbonate Solutions
The process of calcium carbonate crystallization has been investigated through molecular dynamics simulations, revealing a liquid-liquid phase separation. This separation results in one phase becoming more concentrated in ions, which then acts as a precursor for nucleation. The study found that stable clusters form prior to nucleation, challenging classical nucleation theory. These findings suggest that the preordering observed during calcium carbonate crystallization is due to liquid-liquid separation, which reconciles various experimental observations within established phase-separation mechanisms.
Structural Evolution of Liquid Calcium Under Pressure
The atomic structure of liquid calcium at high temperatures and pressures has been studied using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The research identified two structural crossovers at approximately 10 GPa and 50 GPa, with the coordination number of calcium showing distinct pressure regions. The study also noted changes in heat capacity and bond distances, indicating that the structural evolution of liquid calcium under pressure is somewhat similar to that of its solid crystalline phases. These findings provide insights into the behavior of liquid calcium under extreme conditions.
Properties of Molten Calcium Carbonate
First-principle molecular dynamics calculations have been used to evaluate the physical properties of liquid calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The study found that molten CaCO3 has a low density, low viscosity, and high electrical conductivity compared to silicate melts. The research also developed an empirical force field to predict the properties of molten CaCO3 under various conditions. The results showed that viscosity and electrical conductivity are anticorrelated and can be described by a simple law, providing a comprehensive understanding of the behavior of molten CaCO3.
Hydration of Calcium Ions in Salt Solutions
Classical molecular dynamics simulations have examined the effect of electrolytes on the hydration properties of calcium ions. The presence of other electrolytes significantly reduces the frequency of water exchange in the first hydration shell of calcium, stabilizing the hydration shell. This stabilization occurs even when halide anions are not directly coordinated to calcium, indicating that the reactivity of the first solvation shell is influenced by the specific affinity of other ions in solution. The study also found that the hydrogen-bonding network around calcium ions is affected by the concentration of alkali-halide salts, impacting the dynamics of ligand exchange.
Conclusion
The research on calcium liquids spans various aspects, from extraction techniques using ionic liquids to the structural evolution of liquid calcium under pressure and the properties of molten calcium carbonate. These studies provide valuable insights into the behavior of calcium in different liquid states and under various conditions, contributing to advancements in both industrial applications and fundamental science.
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