Cardiac diseases list

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Comprehensive List of Cardiac Diseases

Cardiac diseases encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the heart and vascular system. These diseases are the leading cause of global mortality, necessitating a thorough understanding of their types and implications. Below is a detailed overview of various cardiac diseases, categorized by their nature and impact.

Ischemic Heart Disease

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Coronary artery disease, also known as ischemic heart disease, is characterized by the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup. This condition can lead to angina (chest pain) and myocardial infarction (heart attack).

Heart Failure

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. It can result from various underlying conditions, including ischemic heart disease and hypertension .

Arrhythmias

Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)

Atrial fibrillation is an irregular and often rapid heart rate that can increase the risk of stroke, heart failure, and other heart-related complications. It is one of the most common types of arrhythmias .

Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)

Ventricular tachycardia is a fast heart rhythm originating from the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). It can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.

Cardiomyopathies

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Dilated cardiomyopathy involves the enlargement and weakening of the heart's ventricles, impairing the heart's ability to pump blood. It can lead to heart failure and arrhythmias.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle, which can obstruct blood flow and lead to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Congenital Heart Diseases

Septal Defects

Congenital heart diseases are structural abnormalities present at birth. Septal defects, such as atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD), involve holes in the heart's septum, allowing abnormal blood flow between chambers .

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

Tetralogy of Fallot is a complex congenital heart defect comprising four abnormalities: ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta.

Valvular Heart Diseases

Aortic Stenosis

Aortic stenosis is the narrowing of the aortic valve, which restricts blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. It can lead to symptoms such as chest pain, fainting, and heart failure.

Mitral Regurgitation

Mitral regurgitation occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward into the left atrium. This can result in heart enlargement and heart failure.

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Peripheral arterial disease involves the narrowing of peripheral arteries, typically in the legs, leading to reduced blood flow and symptoms such as leg pain and cramping.

Cardiac Involvement in Systemic Diseases

Cardiac Manifestations in Muscular Dystrophies

Muscular dystrophies can lead to cardiac complications such as cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias. The nature and severity of cardiac involvement vary with different types of muscular dystrophies.

Cardiac Involvement in Connective Tissue Diseases

Systemic diseases like connective tissue disorders often involve the heart, leading to conditions such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and valvular diseases.

Cardiotoxicity in Cancer Survivors

Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity

Cancer treatments, particularly anthracyclines and chest radiotherapy, can cause cardiotoxicity, leading to long-term cardiac complications in childhood cancer survivors.

Conclusion

Cardiac diseases are diverse and complex, affecting various aspects of heart function and structure. Understanding these conditions is crucial for effective diagnosis, management, and treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing global mortality rates.