Circular collider
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Future Circular Collider: Advancing Particle Physics Beyond the LHC
Introduction to Future Circular Collider (FCC)
The Future Circular Collider (FCC) represents the next significant leap in particle physics, aiming to address the limitations of the current Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and explore new frontiers in high-energy physics. The FCC is designed to succeed the LHC, providing unprecedented precision, sensitivity, and energy reach to answer fundamental questions left unresolved by the Standard Model, such as the nature of dark matter, the matter-antimatter asymmetry, and the hierarchy of neutrino masses Benedikt2020Abada2018.
Staged Approach: FCC-ee and FCC-hh
FCC-ee: The Electron-Positron Collider
The first stage of the FCC involves the construction of a high-luminosity electron-positron collider (FCC-ee). This collider will serve as a Higgs and electroweak factory, operating at various center-of-mass energies to study the Z, W, Higgs, and top particles with exceptional precision. The FCC-ee will provide critical insights into electroweak interactions and offer unprecedented sensitivity to new physics phenomena Benedikt2020Benedikt2022Abada2019.
FCC-hh: The Proton-Proton Collider
Following the FCC-ee, the infrastructure will be upgraded to accommodate a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) with a center-of-mass energy of 100 TeV. This collider will push the energy frontier, enabling the direct production of new particles with masses up to several tens of TeV. The FCC-hh will also measure the Higgs self-coupling and explore the dynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking, potentially discovering or ruling out thermal dark matter candidates Benedikt2020Migliorati2018Abada2019.
Physics Opportunities and Synergies
Electroweak and Higgs Physics
The FCC's integrated program will significantly enhance our understanding of electroweak and Higgs physics. The FCC-ee will provide high-precision measurements of the Higgs boson and other electroweak particles, while the FCC-hh will extend these studies to higher energy scales, offering complementary insights and a coherent research program Abada2018Benedikt2022Abada2019.
Beyond the Standard Model
The FCC is poised to explore phenomena beyond the Standard Model, including the search for new particles and interactions. The high energy and luminosity of the FCC-hh will provide direct sensitivity to new physics, while the precision measurements from the FCC-ee will help identify subtle deviations from the Standard Model predictions Abada2018Migliorati2018Belli2018.
Heavy-Ion and Electron-Proton Collisions
In addition to proton-proton and electron-positron collisions, the FCC program includes heavy-ion and electron-proton collision options (FCC-eh). These collisions will allow for the study of Quark-Gluon Plasma, gluon saturation, and other novel QCD phenomena, further broadening the scope of the FCC's research capabilities Armesto2016Abada2019.
Technical Challenges and Feasibility
Infrastructure and Technology
The FCC will be housed in a new 100 km tunnel, leveraging advanced technologies such as superconducting accelerator-dipole magnets with a field of 16 T and high-power, high-efficiency RF systems. The design and construction of this infrastructure present significant technical challenges, but ongoing research and development efforts are addressing these issues Migliorati2018Belli2018Benedikt2016.
Beam Dynamics and Impedance
The high beam intensities in the FCC accelerators necessitate careful analysis of collective effects, such as resistive wall impedance. Studies have shown that the choice of beam pipe material and coating is crucial to mitigate instabilities and power losses, ensuring stable and efficient operation of the collider .
Conclusion
The Future Circular Collider represents a bold and ambitious step forward in particle physics, promising to extend our understanding of the fundamental forces and particles that constitute the universe. By combining the precision of the FCC-ee with the energy reach of the FCC-hh, this integrated program will provide unparalleled opportunities for discovery and innovation, shaping the future of high-energy physics for decades to come.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Future Circular Colliders succeeding the LHC
The Future Circular Colliders offer unique opportunities to address unanswered questions in particle physics, offering a versatile, broad, and powerful machine with unprecedented precision, sensitivity, and energy reach.
Future Circular Collider : Vol. 1 Physics opportunities
The Future Circular Collider offers a unique combination of precision and sensitivity for studying new physics, offering a unique research program for studying electroweak, Higgs, and strong interactions, the top quark, and flavour beyond the Standard Model.
DOI
Future Circular Collider: Integrated Programme and Feasibility Study
The Future Circular Collider (FCC) Integrated Project aims to build a high-luminosity, high-energy electron-positron collider and an energy frontier hadron collider, meeting the highest priority future particle physics needs.
DOI