Co2 range
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Understanding CO2 Ranges: Atmospheric, Industrial, and Experimental Insights
Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Ranges
Historical and Current Atmospheric CO2 Levels
The concentration of atmospheric CO2 has varied significantly over geological time scales. Recent studies indicate that current atmospheric CO2 levels, at approximately 412 parts per million by volume (ppmv), are higher than they have been for the past 800,000 years3. Historical data derived from terrestrial C3 plant remains suggest that over the past 23 million years, CO2 levels ranged between approximately 230 ppmv and 350 ppmv, with a 68% confidence interval extending from 170 ppmv to 540 ppmv3. This highlights the unprecedented nature of current CO2 levels in the context of Earth's long-term climate history.
Stabilization Targets for Atmospheric CO2
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has proposed emission trajectories aiming for atmospheric CO2 stabilization within the range of 350 to 1000 ppmv2. However, there is a strong argument for adopting a target closer to 350 ppmv to ensure safety, as higher concentrations may pose significant risks to global climate stability2.
CO2 Concentration Ranges in Experimental and Industrial Contexts
Specific Volume Measurements of CO2
Experimental measurements of CO2's specific volume have been conducted under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. One study measured CO2 in the range of 700 to 4000 bar and 50 to 475°C, achieving precise data with minimal errors in pressure, temperature, and specific volume1. These measurements are crucial for understanding CO2 behavior under extreme conditions, which is relevant for various industrial applications.
CO2 Detection and Measurement Technologies
Advanced technologies have been developed to detect and measure CO2 concentrations across a wide range. For instance, a thin-film potentiometric sensor has been designed to detect CO2 concentrations from 2% to 100% at 450°C. This sensor provides stable and reproducible responses, making it suitable for applications in biogas and natural gas industries6.
High-Temperature CO2 Behavior
The behavior of CO2 at high temperatures has been extensively studied. For example, the integrated intensity of the 1.9-μm bands of CO2 was measured in the temperature range of 1400° to 2500°K. These measurements help in understanding the emission characteristics of CO2 under extreme thermal conditions, which is important for high-temperature industrial processes5.
CO2 Volumes and Fugacities
A modified Redlich-Kwong (MRK) equation has been developed to calculate the volumes and fugacities of CO2 over a wide pressure range (1 bar to 50 kbar) and temperature range (100° to 1600°C). This equation compensates for the MRK equation's tendency to overestimate volumes at high pressures and provides more accurate data for CO2 and other gases7.
Conclusion
The range of CO2 concentrations and behaviors is vast, spanning from atmospheric levels critical for climate policy to high-pressure and high-temperature conditions relevant for industrial applications. Understanding these ranges through historical data, stabilization targets, and advanced measurement technologies is essential for addressing both environmental and industrial challenges associated with CO2.
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Measurements of the specific volume of carbon dioxide in the range of 700 to 4000b and 50 to 475°C
The specific volume of carbon dioxide at temperatures between 50 and 475°C can be accurately measured with limit errors of pressure 20 b, temperature 0.2°C, and specific volume 0.3%.
Targets for stabilization of atmospheric CO2
A target of 350 ppmv for atmospheric CO2 stabilization is recommended, until proven safe, until further research is conducted on higher values.
Highly CitedA meta-analysis of responses of C3 plants to atmospheric CO2 : dose-response curves for 85 traits ranging from the molecular to the whole plant level.
Plant responses to atmospheric CO2 vary, with some traits doubling or halving, and 64% of the total biomass stimulation already realized at current levels.
Meta-AnalysisIntegrated Intensity Measurements of the 1.9‐μ Bands of CO2 in the Temperature Range 1400° to 2500°K
The intensity in the 1.9 region of CO2's spectrum originates in the (v3+2v1) band, with the (v3+2v1) band being the most intense.
Thin-Film Potentiometric Sensor to Detect CO2 Concentrations Ranging Between 2 % and 100 %
The developed thin-film sensor effectively detects CO2 concentrations from 2 to 100 %, making it suitable for biogas and natural gas applications due to its consistent performance at low temperatures in a wide concentration range.
A Compensated-Redlich-Kwong (CORK) equation for volumes and fugacities of CO2 and H2O in the range 1 bar to 50 kbar and 100–1600°C
The CORK equation accurately calculates volumes and fugacities of CO2 and H2O at high pressures, bringing them closer to experimental decarbonation reactions.
Highly CitedAbsorption, Photoionization, and Fluorescence of CO2
CO2 exhibits strong band and continuous absorption in the spectral range between 1000 and 600 A, with a strong fluorescent edge at 715.7 A containing vibrational structure.
Highly CitedA Process for Capturing CO2 from the Atmosphere
This industrial plant captures CO2 from the atmosphere using an aqueous KOH sorbent coupled to a calcium caustic recovery loop, with a levelized cost per ton ranging from 94 to 232 $/t-CO2.
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