Coronary heart disease definition
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Definition of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Coronary heart disease (CHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is a condition where the coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked. This narrowing is mainly caused by the buildup of plaques made of fat, calcium, and other substances on the inner walls of the arteries, a process called atherosclerosis 1234+5 MORE. As the arteries narrow, less blood reaches the heart, especially during physical activity or stress, which can lead to chest pain (angina) or more severe complications.
Key Features and Symptoms of CHD/CAD
The most common symptom of CHD is chest discomfort or pain, often described as a crushing or squeezing feeling that may spread to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. This pain usually occurs during activity and improves with rest. Other symptoms can include shortness of breath, heart failure, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), and sometimes no symptoms at all until a heart attack occurs 1234+2 MORE.
Causes and Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
CHD is primarily caused by the buildup of plaques in the coronary arteries. Major risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise, poor diet, and a family history of heart disease. The disease is more common in older adults and men 1235+3 MORE.
Types and Clinical Presentations
CHD can present in different forms:
- Stable Angina Pectoris: Predictable chest pain during exertion.
- Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS): Includes unstable angina and heart attacks (myocardial infarction), which are more severe and can occur suddenly 1467.
- Chronic Coronary Syndromes: Long-term, stable periods with occasional flare-ups .
Complications and Outcomes
If left untreated, CHD can lead to serious complications such as heart attacks, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. The disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and significantly impacts quality of life and healthcare systems 1258+2 MORE.
Conclusion
Coronary heart disease is a chronic, progressive condition caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup. It leads to reduced blood flow to the heart, resulting in symptoms like chest pain and potentially life-threatening complications. Early recognition of risk factors and symptoms, along with lifestyle changes and medical management, are crucial for preventing and controlling CHD 1234+5 MORE.
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