Is age correlate job satisfaction
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Age and Job Satisfaction: Analyzing the Correlation
Positive Correlation Between Age and Job Satisfaction
Research consistently shows a small positive correlation between age and job satisfaction. This correlation may be influenced by factors associated with aging, such as skill utilization, influence, variety, and income, as well as cohort membership variables like desired skill utilization and education1. However, when the joint effects of aging and cohort variables are considered, the correlation becomes unsubstantial, suggesting that the decreasing discrepancy between desired and perceived job attributes with increasing age plays a significant role1.
U-Shaped Relationship in Job Satisfaction
Contrary to the linear increase theory, some studies suggest a U-shaped relationship between age and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction tends to decline from a moderate level in the early years of employment, then increases steadily up to retirement2. This pattern is observed across various forms of satisfaction, including overall job satisfaction, satisfaction with pay, and satisfaction with the work itself. The U-shaped relationship is also linked to changes in expectations and life-stage factors, which affect both job satisfaction and context-free mental health2.
Factors Influencing the Age-Job Satisfaction Relationship
Several studies have attempted to identify the factors that explain the positive relationship between age and job satisfaction. Variables such as job congruence (the difference between what managers prefer and what they perceive they have in a job) and work locus of control account for much of the variance in this relationship3. Older workers tend to get more of what they want out of work, supporting the job change hypothesis3.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Job Characteristics
Job satisfaction increases with age, with younger employees being less satisfied overall, particularly with the intrinsic characteristics of their work. Older employees, on the other hand, are more satisfied with extrinsic characteristics5. When job characteristics are considered, the intrinsic characteristics factor becomes less significant, indicating that job characteristics play a crucial role in job satisfaction across different age groups5.
Cohort and Aging Explanations
The relationship between age and job satisfaction can be partly explained by cohort and aging factors. Older workers may have moved into better jobs over their careers, contributing to higher satisfaction levels4. Additionally, age variations in work values and job rewards also explain a substantial portion of the differences in job satisfaction7. However, some age differences remain unexplained, suggesting that more general processes of aging and development may also be at play7.
The Role of Tenure
While age itself may not be a significant predictor of job satisfaction, tenure appears to be a more reliable determinant. Studies indicate that tenure, rather than age, significantly influences overall job satisfaction and its facets, such as job, pay, and fringe benefits satisfaction9. The interaction between age and tenure further modifies the effect of tenure on job satisfaction9.
Conclusion
In summary, age does correlate with job satisfaction, but the relationship is complex and influenced by various factors. While there is a general trend of increasing job satisfaction with age, the relationship can also be U-shaped, influenced by job congruence, work locus of control, intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics, and tenure. Understanding these nuances is crucial for developing strategies to enhance job satisfaction across different age groups.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Age and Job Satisfaction
Aging and cohort factors alone do not explain the small positive correlation between age and job satisfaction, but their combined effects do.
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