Cosmonaut definition
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Definition and Role of a Cosmonaut
Introduction to Cosmonauts
The term "cosmonaut" refers to a space traveler from Russia or the former Soviet Union. The word is derived from the Russian "kosmonavt," which itself comes from the Greek words "kosmos" (universe) and "nautes" (sailor). Cosmonauts are individuals trained and certified to work in space missions, performing various tasks ranging from piloting spacecraft to conducting scientific research.
Selection and Training of Cosmonauts
Selection Criteria
Initially, cosmonauts were selected from military flying personnel who were in excellent health and familiar with conditions similar to those in space missions. As space missions became more complex, the selection criteria evolved to include highly qualified scientists, known as cosmonaut-researchers, who could handle sophisticated space technology and conduct a broad spectrum of scientific studies. The selection process now also considers the age and physical fitness of candidates, with health-improving measures implemented as necessary.
Training Programs
The preparation of cosmonauts is a continuous and purposeful process that includes technical, aviation, space, medical-biological, and scientific training. This comprehensive training aims to develop and maintain the operational skills, psychological resilience, and physical fitness required for effective performance during space missions. The ultimate goal is to ensure that cosmonauts can tolerate the conditions of space, complete their mission tasks, and return to Earth safely.
Legal Status and Professional Definition
Historical Context
The legal status of cosmonauts has evolved significantly since the inception of manned space missions. Initially, the Soviet Union introduced and refined regulations governing cosmonauts over the first two decades of manned space exploration. However, from 1992 to 2017, the Russian Federation faced challenges in establishing a comprehensive regulatory framework for cosmonauts.
Current Legal Framework
In 2017, the Russian Government approved a new Regulation on cosmonauts, although it has notable gaps and drawbacks. The regulation aims to define the concept of a cosmonaut through four components: speciality, qualification, position, and profession. This approach differs from previous regulations, which treated the cosmonaut's job description as synonymous with their professional activity. The new framework also proposes the introduction of international dimensions to the legal status of cosmonauts, empowering them to act as representatives of the State in international space missions.
Cultural Representations
Cosmonauts in Media
Cosmonauts have been depicted in various forms of media, often highlighting their heroic yet tragic nature. Post-Soviet films and documentaries, such as "Stan niewazkosci" (State of Weightlessness), portray cosmonauts as tragic figures whose heroism is seen as a futile venture into the void of space. This combination of tragedy and beauty creates a sublime cinematic experience. American films, like "Armageddon," have also used the tragic cosmonaut trope, sometimes turning it into comedy.
Conclusion
The term "cosmonaut" encompasses a rich history and a complex set of roles and responsibilities. From rigorous selection and training processes to evolving legal frameworks and cultural representations, cosmonauts are integral to the advancement of human space exploration. Their journey from military pilots to highly specialized researchers reflects the growing complexity and ambition of space missions.
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