Created black hole
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Creation of Black Holes: Mechanisms and Implications
Quantum Particle Creation by Black Holes
In classical physics, black holes are known to absorb but not emit particles. However, quantum mechanical effects reveal a different picture. Black holes can emit particles as if they were hot bodies, a phenomenon first described by Stephen Hawking. This emission is thermal and leads to a gradual decrease in the black hole's mass, eventually causing it to evaporate completely. This process is governed by the temperature formula ( \frac{h\kappa}{2\pi k} \approx 10^{-6} \left( \frac{M_\odot}{M} \right)^\circ K ), where (\kappa) is the surface gravity of the black hole .
Black Hole Creation in Different Dimensions
Black holes can also be created in lower-dimensional spaces. For instance, in a 2+1 dimensional space with a negative cosmological constant, two point particles with sufficient center-of-mass energy can collapse into a BTZ black hole. This process can involve both massless and massive particles, and can result in either non-rotating or rotating black holes.
Quantum Cosmology and Black Hole Formation
Quantum cosmology offers another perspective on black hole creation. In this scenario, black holes can form from quantum fluctuations in the early universe or from constrained gravitational instantons. This process is distinct from the gravitational collapse of massive bodies and suggests that black holes can essentially form from "nothing." The probability of such creation is related to the total entropy of the universe.
Black Holes During Inflation
During the inflationary period of the universe, black holes can form through quantum processes. A single topology change can lead to the creation of multiple black holes, which then evaporate and cause the universe to fragment. This iterative process can lead to the proliferation of inflationary universes, suggesting a dynamic and complex early universe.
Pair Creation of Rotating Black Holes
In the presence of an external electromagnetic field, pairs of charged and spinning black holes can be created. This process involves a wormhole instantonic solution that interpolates between the two black holes, providing a semi-classical description of the creation rate of these black hole pairs.
Micro Black Holes in the Early Universe
High-energy particle collisions in the early universe may have created micro black holes. These tiny black holes might leave stable remnants instead of fully evaporating due to Hawking radiation. If the reheating temperature was close to the fundamental gravity scale, the formation rate of these micro black holes could have been high enough to account for the entire cold dark matter of the universe.
Massive Black Holes and Their Evolution
Massive black holes (MBHs) have been a subject of intense study since their existence was postulated in the 1960s. These black holes, with masses ranging from millions to billions of solar masses, are found at the centers of galaxies and are believed to have formed around the same time as the first stars and galaxies. The growth of these black holes is closely linked to the evolution of their host galaxies, and they played a significant role in the early universe as luminous quasars.
Conclusion
The creation of black holes is a multifaceted phenomenon that spans classical and quantum physics, cosmology, and astrophysics. From the thermal emission of particles to the formation of black holes during inflation and the early universe, these enigmatic objects continue to provide deep insights into the fundamental workings of the universe. Understanding the various mechanisms of black hole creation not only sheds light on their nature but also on the broader cosmological processes that shape our universe.
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