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Some studies suggest gold nanoparticles cause cytotoxicity through mechanisms like necrosis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage, while other studies indicate that factors such as particle size, surface coating, and aggregation state significantly influence their cytotoxic effects.
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Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are increasingly used in biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, their cytotoxicity remains a topic of concern and debate. This synthesis aims to consolidate findings from multiple studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the cytotoxic effects of gold nanoparticles.
Size-Dependent Cytotoxicity:
Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage:
Surface Chemistry and Ligand Effects:
Cell Line-Specific Responses:
Dispersity and Aggregation:
Shape and Structural Effects:
The cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles is influenced by multiple factors, including particle size, surface chemistry, cell type, and particle dispersity. Smaller nanoparticles tend to be more toxic due to higher uptake and oxidative stress. Surface modifications and the presence of contaminants can either mitigate or exacerbate cytotoxic effects. Understanding these variables is crucial for the safe and effective use of gold nanoparticles in biomedical applications.
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