deadliest sea snake

Introduction

The study of sea snake venom is crucial due to the high toxicity and medical significance of these marine reptiles. Among the various species, Enhydrina schistosa, commonly known as the beaked sea snake, is often highlighted for its lethality. This synthesis aims to consolidate findings from multiple research papers to provide a comprehensive understanding of the deadliest sea snakes, focusing on their venom composition, toxicity, and implications for human health.

Key Insights

Enhydrina schistosa as the Deadliest Sea Snake:
- Enhydrina schistosa is responsible for the majority of recorded deaths and injuries from sea snake bites in regions like Asia and Australia .
- This species is highly aggressive and poses a significant risk to fishermen and people wading in coastal waters.
Venom Composition and Toxicity:
- The venom of Enhydrina schistosa contains potent neurotoxins and myotoxins, which can cause severe rhabdomyolysis, myalgia, and even death due to cardiovascular collapse .
- The venom of Pelamis platura, another highly venomous sea snake, is composed mainly of three-finger toxins (3FTx), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP), with pelamitoxin being the most lethal component.
Medical Implications and Antivenom:
- The only available sea snake antivenom is raised against Malaysian Enhydrina schistosa, which has shown cross-reactivity and neutralization potential for the venom of Pelamis platura, indicating its broader applicability .
- Effective management of sea snake bites requires understanding the specific venom components and their effects, as well as the availability of appropriate antivenoms .

Conclusion

Enhydrina schistosa is widely recognized as the deadliest sea snake due to its aggressive nature and highly toxic venom, which can cause severe and often fatal envenomations. The venom's composition, primarily neurotoxins and myotoxins, underscores the need for effective antivenoms and medical interventions. Cross-reactivity of antivenoms, such as those developed for Enhydrina schistosa, offers hope for treating bites from other venomous sea snakes like Pelamis platura. Understanding these venoms' toxicological profiles is essential for improving snakebite management and reducing mortality rates.

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Deadliest sea snake

Summary

Introduction

Key Insights

Conclusion

Sources and full results

Molecular evidence that the deadliest sea snake Enhydrina schistosa (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) consists of two convergent species.

The deadly sea snake Enhydrina schistosa consists of two convergent species, with Australian "E. schistosa" elevated to species status and implications for snake bite management.

Two color morphs of the pelagic yellow-bellied sea snake, Pelamis platura, from different locations of Costa Rica: snake venomics, toxicity, and neutralization by antivenom.

The yellow-bellied sea snake, Pelamis platura, has a conserved venom protein profile, with pelamitoxin being the most lethal component, and antivenom from CSL Ltd. can neutralize its lethal activity.

Enhydrina schistosa (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) the most dangerous sea snake in Sri Lanka: three case studies of severe envenoming.

E. schistosa is a deadly sea snake in Sri Lanka, with its bite causing severe rhabdomyolysis and potentially leading to death.

Ophiotaenia echidis n. sp. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) from the saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus sochureki Stemmler (Ophidia: Viperidae), one of the world's deadliest snakes, from the United Arab Emirates

Ophiotaenia echidis n. sp. is a new species of tapeworm found in the intestine of the saw-scaled viper Echis carinatus sochureki Stemmler, one of the world's deadliest snakes.

Which snake venom would be the deadliest?

Hemotoxic venom is the deadliest snake venom, with neurotoxic venom being the most neurotoxic, and cytotoxic venom being the least cytotoxic.

The Toxinology of Sea Snake Venoms

Sea snake venoms are highly toxic, with neurotoxins and myotoxic phospholipases A2 being the main lethal factors, leading to respiratory failure and acute renal failure.

Sea Snake Harvest in the Gulf of Thailand

Sea snake harvest in the Gulf of Thailand is one of the largest venomous snake and marine reptile harvest activities in the world, with 82,500 individuals annually being brought to ports for human consumption and traditional remedies.

Biotoxicology of sea snake venoms.

Sea snake venoms are highly toxic, with neurotoxic and myotoxic clinical syndromes, and proper emergency field therapy and timely antivenin administration can be lifesaving.

Sea snake envenomation

Sea snake bites are a medical emergency, with significant envenomation occurring in 20% of cases and death in 3% of bites.

Isolation of the Neurotoxic Component of the Venom of the Sea Snake, Enhydrina schistosa

The neurotoxic component of sea snake venom, Enhydrina schistosa, is crucial for understanding its biochemical actions and enhancing its antigenic properties for potential life-saving treatment.

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