Define angiotensin
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Understanding Angiotensin: A Key Hormone in Cardiovascular and Renal Physiology
Introduction to Angiotensin
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a critical hormone within the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), playing a significant role in regulating blood pressure and maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. It is a potent vasoconstrictor and influences various physiological and pathological processes in the body .
Angiotensin II and Its Receptors
AT1 and AT2 Receptors
Angiotensin II exerts its effects primarily through two receptor subtypes: AT1 and AT2. The AT1 receptor is responsible for most of the well-known actions of Ang II, including vasoconstriction, aldosterone release, and cellular growth promotion. On the other hand, the AT2 receptor, although less understood, is associated with anti-proliferative effects, cellular differentiation, apoptosis, and vasodilation .
Angiotensin-(1-7) and the Mas Receptor
Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is another important peptide in the RAS, often acting in opposition to Ang II. It is produced from Ang II by the enzyme prolyloligopeptidase (POP) and exerts its effects through the Mas receptor . Ang-(1-7) is known for its vasodilatory and anti-proliferative properties, counteracting many of the effects of Ang II .
Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles
Cardiovascular Effects
Angiotensin II is central to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. It promotes cardiac hypertrophy, remodeling, and heart failure through its actions on cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts . Ang II also regulates the expression of various bioactive substances and activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways, contributing to vascular thickening and atherosclerosis .
Renal Effects
In the kidneys, Ang II influences glomerular filtration and sodium reabsorption, playing a crucial role in the pathophysiology of renal diseases. It activates signaling cascades that lead to glomerulosclerosis and other renal pathologies .
Therapeutic Implications
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or blocking the Ang II receptors are common therapeutic strategies to manage hypertension and prevent cardiovascular and renal diseases. These treatments help mitigate the adverse effects of Ang II by reducing its production or blocking its action at the receptor level .
Emerging Therapies
Recent research highlights the potential of targeting the Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis as a therapeutic strategy. Ang-(1-7) has shown promise in reducing vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and counteracting the effects of Ang II, suggesting its role in vascular protection and the treatment of cardiovascular diseases .
Conclusion
Angiotensin II is a multifaceted hormone with significant roles in cardiovascular and renal physiology. Understanding its mechanisms and interactions with various receptors opens avenues for effective therapeutic interventions. Continued research into the RAS, particularly the Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis, holds promise for developing novel treatments for hypertension and related diseases.
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