Diabetes mellitus acronym
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Understanding Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Definition and Description of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both . This chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, particularly the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels .
Pathogenesis and Etiology
The pathogenesis of DM involves multiple pathogenic processes, ranging from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, leading to insulin deficiency, to abnormalities causing resistance to insulin action . Genetic and environmental factors both play significant roles in the development of DM.
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), also known as autoimmune diabetes, is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion due to the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells . This type is often identified by serological evidence of an autoimmune process and genetic markers . Patients with T1DM require lifelong insulin therapy for survival.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is more prevalent and results from a combination of resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response . This type can often be managed with lifestyle changes such as weight reduction, exercise, and oral glucose-lowering agents, although some patients may eventually require insulin .
Symptoms and Complications
Symptoms of marked hyperglycemia include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, polyphagia, and blurred vision . Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to severe complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases . Acute, life-threatening consequences include hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis or the nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome .
Diagnosis and Classification
Diagnosis of DM involves demonstrating an abnormality in carbohydrate metabolism, typically through measurement of plasma glucose in the fasting state or after an oral glucose load . The classification of DM is based on the underlying pathophysiology, which is crucial for determining appropriate treatment strategies.
Conclusion
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a complex group of metabolic disorders with significant health implications. Understanding its types, pathogenesis, symptoms, and complications is essential for effective management and treatment. Ongoing research and advancements in treatment options continue to improve the quality of life for individuals affected by this chronic condition.
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