diabetes

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is associated with long-term damage to various organs and is a major global health concern. The two primary types of diabetes are type 1, which involves an absolute deficiency of insulin, and type 2, which involves insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion.

Key Insights

Pathophysiology and Classification:
- Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It leads to long-term damage to organs such as the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels .
- Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin .
- Type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate compensatory insulin secretion .
Global and Societal Impact:
- The incidence of diabetes, particularly type 2, has dramatically increased due to changes in human behavior and lifestyle, such as sedentary habits and poor nutrition.
- Diabetes is associated with significant premature morbidity and mortality, necessitating an integrated, international approach for prevention and control.
Complications and Associated Conditions:
- Long-term complications of diabetes include retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases .
- Diabetes is strongly associated with an increased risk of various cancers, including pancreatic, hepatocellular, breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancers.
Mechanisms Linking Obesity and Diabetes:
- Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, with adipose tissue releasing factors that contribute to insulin resistance .
- The hormone resistin, secreted by adipocytes, links obesity to insulin resistance by impairing glucose tolerance and insulin action.
- Increased non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol, hormones, and pro-inflammatory cytokines from adipose tissue in obese individuals contribute to insulin resistance.
Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Pathways:
- Insulin resistance involves a complex network of signaling pathways that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. This resistance is linked to other health issues such as obesity, polycystic ovarian disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.

Conclusion

Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2, is a growing global health issue driven by lifestyle changes and obesity. It is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion and action, leading to severe long-term complications. Effective management and prevention require a comprehensive understanding of its pathophysiology, the role of obesity, and the complex metabolic pathways involved. An integrated, international approach is essential to mitigate the significant morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes.

Summary

Introduction

Key Insights

Conclusion

Sources and full results

Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion or insulin action, leading to long-term damage and dysfunction of various organs.

Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic

The global diabetes epidemic, primarily caused by type 2 diabetes and its associated conditions, requires an integrated, international approach to prevent and control its premature morbidity and mortality.

Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes occurs when beta cells in the pancreas stop producing insulin, leading to abnormally high blood glucose levels and an inability to use glucose for energy or control glucose levels in the blood.

Diabetes and Cancer

Diabetes mellitus is strongly associated with an increased risk of cancer, with common cancers including pancreatic, hepatocellular, breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancers.

Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus The information that follows is based largely on the reports of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183–1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160–3167, 2003).

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion or insulin action, leading to long-term damage and dysfunction of various organs.

The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes

Resistin is a hormone that potentially links obesity to diabetes, impairing glucose tolerance and insulin action in both normal and obese mice.

Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

Obesity increases the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes due to increased adipose tissue release of factors that contribute to insulin resistance and pancreatic islet -cell dysfunction.

Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus The information that follows is based largely on the reports of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183–1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160–3167, 2003).

Type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic b-cells as a primary cause.

Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism

Insulin resistance is linked to various health problems, including obesity, polycystic ovary disease, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, by affecting the insulin receptor and its signaling pathways.

Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes is caused by resistance to insulin action and inadequate insulin secretory response, and may present for long periods without symptoms before diagnosis.

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