Difference between succinate and tartrate
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Differences Between Succinate and Tartrate
Introduction to Succinate and Tartrate
Succinate and tartrate are two different types of salts that are often used in pharmaceuticals and other chemical applications. Despite their similarities, they exhibit distinct behaviors and properties that can influence their effectiveness and application in various fields.
Structural and Thermal Properties
Solid-State Structure and Behavior
The solid-state structures of metoprolol tartrate (MT-o) and metoprolol succinate (MS-m) have been extensively studied. Both salts show close similarity at the molecular level in their crystal lattices. However, calorimetric data indicate that MS-m has a slightly greater cohesive energy compared to MT-o. Additionally, MS-m undergoes reversible anisotropic lattice expansion and contraction upon temperature changes, and it quickly recrystallizes to its original crystal phase after melting. In contrast, MT-o expands and contracts isotropically and forms an amorphous solid upon cooling from the melt, which takes six days to revert to its original crystalline form1.
Coordination Polymers and Layered Double Hydroxides
L-tartrate ions can form robust, enantiopure open-framework coordination polymers under hydrothermal conditions, while the addition of succinate results in the formation of related structures with larger channels. This difference in channel size can be attributed to the distinct molecular structures of tartrate and succinate4. Furthermore, the intercalation of tartrate and succinate anions in Zn(3)Al and Zn(2)Cr layered double hydroxides (LDHs) shows that both anions lead to expanded LDH with similar basal spacing. However, tartrate-containing LDHs exhibit unique reactivity and structural behavior compared to succinate-containing LDHs6 7.
Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Efficacy
Pharmacokinetics of Solifenacin Salts
A study comparing the pharmacokinetic properties of solifenacin tartrate and solifenacin succinate found that both formulations have similar pharmacokinetic profiles and meet the criteria for bioequivalence. The mean values of AUClast and Cmax for both formulations were comparable, and no significant differences were observed in safety assessments2.
Clinical Efficacy in Vasospastic Angina
In patients with vasospastic angina, metoprolol succinate demonstrated a significant advantage over metoprolol tartrate in reducing the incidence of clinically significant angina attacks. However, there were no significant differences between the two salts in terms of cardiovascular mortality, development of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or stroke3.
Environmental and Toxicological Aspects
Environmental Toxicology
Succinate tartrates, a mixture of organic builders used in commercial cleaning products, have been evaluated for their environmental safety. Toxicological studies indicate that succinate tartrates have low toxicity to various species of freshwater and marine organisms, with median effect concentrations ranging from 110 to over 1000 mg/L. The studies also show an inverse relationship between water hardness and toxicity8.
Conclusion
Succinate and tartrate salts, while similar in some respects, exhibit distinct differences in their structural, thermal, pharmacokinetic, and clinical properties. These differences can significantly impact their application in pharmaceuticals and other fields. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for optimizing their use in various contexts.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Similar but Different: The Case of Metoprolol Tartrate and Succinate Salts
Metoprolol tartrate and succinate salts show similar molecular structures but different macroscopic behaviors, with tartrate undergoing reversible anisotropic expansion/contraction and succinate showing a slower amorphous solid reversion to crystal form.
Pharmacokinetics comparison of solifenacin tartrate and solifenacin succinate: a randomized, open-label, single-dose, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers
Solifenacin tartrate and solifenacin succinate show similar pharmacokinetic properties and are both safe for single-dose administration in healthy male volunteers.
RCT
Rigorous JournalComparative evaluation of the effectiveness of metoprolol succinate and metoprolol tartrate in patients with vasospastic angina
Metoprolol succinate has a significant advantage in reducing clinically significant angina attacks, but no significant difference in cardiovascular events or death between the two drugs.
Microporous chiral metal coordination polymers: hydrothermal synthesis, channel engineering and stability of lanthanide tartrates.
L-tartrate ions can survive hydrothermal conditions up to 160 degrees C to form robust, enantiopure open-framework coordination polymers with large channels, enabling channel engineering and stability improvements.
Highly CitedMetroprolol Fumarate: Crystal Structure from Powder X-ray Diffraction Data and Comparison with the Tartrate and Succinate Salts
Metroprolol fumarate (MF) salt exhibits anisotropic behavior at room temperature, while tartrate and succinate salts exhibit similar behavior, but MF melts more slowly and takes 3 days to recover its crystalline phase.
Syntheses and Thermal and Chemical Behaviors of Tartrate and Succinate Intercalated Zn(3)Al and Zn(2)Cr Layered Double Hydroxides.
Tartrate and succinate anions intercalated in Zn(3)Al and Zn(2)Cr LDHs lead to expanded expanded LDHs with similar basal spacing, reorienting of anions in interlayer domains during moderate thermal treatments.
Highly CitedTracking the Structural Dynamics of Hybrid Layered Double Hydroxides
Tartrate anions in Zn2Al layered double hydroxides exhibit specific rotation, diffusion, and water organization behaviors, indicating anion-anion interactions with more impact than succinate anions.
Environmental toxicology of succinate tartrates
Succinate tartrates show low bioconversion factors (BCF) and potential environmental risks, making them unsuitable for use in commercial cleaning products.
Endothelial function is unaffected by changing between carvedilol and metoprolol in patients with heart failure-a randomized study
Endothelial function remains unchanged when switching from carvedilol to metoprolol tartrate or metoprolol succinate, and blood pressure and heart rate remain unchanged in patients with mild heart failure.
RCTRigorous Journal