Dna is made up of

Pro Research Analysisby

Searched over 200M research papers

Analyzed relevant papers

Understanding the Composition of DNA

DNA Structure: Deoxyribose Sugar and Nucleotide Chains

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. The structure of DNA is composed of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base 14.

Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine

The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases pair specifically (A with T and C with G) through hydrogen bonds, forming the rungs of the DNA double helix ladder. This specific pairing is crucial for the accurate replication of DNA during cell division 346.

DNA as Genetic Material

DNA is the hereditary material in almost all organisms. It contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce. These instructions are found within segments of DNA called genes, which code for proteins, the building blocks of life 123. The discovery that DNA is the material of inheritance was a pivotal moment in genetics, establishing the foundation for modern genetic research 2.

DNA Replication: Semi-Conservative Mechanism

DNA replication is a semi-conservative process, meaning that each of the two new DNA molecules contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. This process ensures that genetic information is accurately passed from cell to cell and from generation to generation. Cellular proofreading and error-checking mechanisms maintain the fidelity of DNA replication 4.

DNA in Nanotechnology and Biotechnology

Beyond its biological functions, DNA's predictable and controllable properties make it a valuable material in nanotechnology and biotechnology. DNA can be engineered into various structures, such as linear, branched, and networked topologies, for applications in molecular computing, biosensing, and the creation of nanostructures 58910.

Conclusion

DNA is a complex yet elegantly simple molecule that is fundamental to life. Its structure, composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases, allows it to store and transmit genetic information. The discovery of DNA as the genetic material has revolutionized our understanding of biology and opened new avenues in biotechnology and nanotechnology. As research continues, the potential applications of DNA in various fields are vast and continually expanding.

Sources and full results

Most relevant research papers on this topic

Chemical Structure of DNA

DNA molecule is made up of deoxyribose sugar and two polynucleotide chains, each containing four different types of nucleotide subunits.

2016·

2citations

·Varsha Butolaet al.

Research and Reviews: Journal of Chemistry

Discovering genes are made of DNA

Maclyn McCarty, the sole surviving member of the team that discovered DNA as the material of inheritance in 1944, recalls the times and the impact of the double helix on modern genetics.

2003·

27citations

·M. Mccarty

Nature

The amazing human DNA system explained

DNA is the genetic blueprint that makes us unique and contains instructions for cells to produce proteins, the building blocks of life.

2020·

1citation

·R. Termanini

DNA Replication

DNA replication is a complex process that ensures near perfect fidelity, with each strand serving as a template for the production of the complementary strand.

2018·

0citations

·Tariku Simion

Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences

Engineering DNA-based functional materials.

DNA-based functional materials show promise for nanotechnology, medicine, and biotechnology due to their engineering methods and potential real-world applications.

Highly Cited

2011·

223citations

·Y. Rohet al.

Chemical Society reviews

Biophysics of the DNA molecule

DNA plays a crucial role in all living organisms because it is the key molecule responsible for storage, duplication, and realization of genetic information. DNA is a heteropolymeric molecule consisting of residues (nucleotides) of four types, A, T, C and G. Fig. 1 shows the chemical structure of the DNA single strand and the complementary base pairs. The genetic message is “written down” in the form of continuous text consisting of four letters (DNA nucleotides A, G, T and C). This continuous text, however, is subdivided, in its biological meaning, into sections. The most significant sections are genes, parts of DNA, which carry information about the sequence of amino acids in proteins. The importance of the DNA molecule cannot be overestimated. It is therefore natural that the molecule has been attracting attention not only of biologists and physicians but also of chemists and physicists, even theorists (for a popular introduction into the field of DNA science, see, e.g., Frank-Kamenetskii, 1993; 1997). For more than forty years already, the DNA molecule has been a subject of biophysical studies. Many outstanding physicists, who made their names in various areas of traditional physics, mostly in solid state physics, contributed by studying DNA. I.M. Lifshitz did not publish many papers about DNA. Nevertheless, his role in directing attention of physicists toward DNA biophysics was very significant, especially in the USSR. Although I had been already in the field when Lifshitz stormed it in mid-1960s I also experienced profound influence of his personality and style. Due to his enthusiasm and indisputable reputation among Soviet physicists, DNA and protein biophysics temporarily became a focus of attention of the Soviet physics community. This community was a unique phenomenon in the world of science. Due to I.M. Lifshitz, I had an opportunity to present my work on DNA topology at the famous

Highly Cited

1997·

100citations

·M. Frank-Kamenetskii

Physics Reports

Artificial DNA made exclusively of nonnatural C-nucleosides with four types of nonnatural bases.

Artificial DNA made of nonnatural C-nucleosides shows potential for future extracellular genetic systems with information storage and amplifiable abilities.

2008·

61citations

·Y. Doiet al.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

DNA Quadruple Helices in Nanotechnology.

G-quadruplexes and the i-motif in DNA helices have been used in nanotechnology applications like G-wires, nanostructures, and biosensing, offering potential for disease therapeutics.

Highly Cited

2019·

242citations

·J. Mergnyet al.

Chemical reviews

A DNA-fuelled molecular machine made of DNA

A DNA machine, shaped like a pair of tweezers, can be used as both a structural material and as 'fuel', enabling nanoscale construction and active devices.

Highly Cited

2000·

2038citations

·B. Yurkeet al.

Nature

Self-assembled nanostructures based on DNA: towards the development of nanobiotechnology.

DNA-based nanostructures show promise for artificial nanostructured devices and the development of nanobiotechnology.

Highly Cited

2000·

205citations

·Christof M. Niemeyer

Current opinion in chemical biology

Try another search

super el nino forecast winter

shuttle launches

keplers third law formula

wind energy advantages

germ line

green energy