Eggs calcium

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Eggshell Calcium: A Valuable Resource for Nutrition and Industry

Introduction to Eggshell Calcium

Eggshells, often discarded as waste, are a rich source of calcium, primarily in the form of calcium carbonate, which constitutes more than 90% of their weight . This makes eggshells a valuable resource for calcium extraction, which can be utilized in various industries, including food fortification and dietary supplements.

Extraction and Utilization of Eggshell Calcium

Several techniques have been developed to extract calcium from eggshells, such as electric discharge assisted mechanical milling, high-intensity pulsed electric field, and high-energy milling . These methods help in minimizing eggshell waste and converting it into a useful calcium source for food industries, thereby reducing the environmental burden.

Impact of Calcium on Egg Production and Quality

Calcium plays a crucial role in the diet of laying hens, significantly affecting egg production and quality. Studies have shown that dietary calcium levels directly influence eggshell quality, egg production, and bone health in poultry Ganjigohari2018Shi2020Xia2019. For instance, replacing traditional calcium carbonate with nanocalcium carbonate (NCC) in hen diets can maintain egg production and quality, although extreme reductions in calcium can negatively impact these parameters .

Calcium Requirements for Optimal Eggshell Formation

The calcium requirement for laying hens has been extensively studied, with recommendations varying from 2.25% to 4.60% of the diet to ensure optimal eggshell quality and production performance Driggers1949Bragg1971Xia2019. Higher dietary calcium levels have been found to improve eggshell thickness and strength, which are critical for reducing egg breakage Shi2020Xia2019.

Calcium Dynamics During Egg Formation

During egg formation, large quantities of calcium are mobilized from the hen's body to form the eggshell. This process involves rapid calcium mobilization from osseous tissues and increased calcium absorption from the gut, leading to fluctuations in blood calcium levels . The efficient transfer of dietary calcium to the eggshell is essential for maintaining eggshell quality .

Innovative Calcium Sources and Their Benefits

Recent studies have explored the use of protected calcium, a blend of calcium and medium-chain fatty acids, which has shown to improve calcium absorption and metabolism in laying hens. This innovative calcium source has been found to enhance eggshell quality and reduce egg breakage rates . Additionally, dietary calcium levels have been optimized for different poultry species, such as egg-type duck breeders, to maximize eggshell and bone quality .

Conclusion

Eggshells are a valuable source of calcium that can be effectively utilized in various industries to enhance nutritional value and reduce waste. Proper dietary calcium levels are crucial for optimal egg production and quality in poultry, and innovative calcium sources like protected calcium offer promising benefits. By leveraging the calcium content in eggshells, we can improve both environmental sustainability and nutritional outcomes.

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Most relevant research papers on this topic

Eggshell calcium: A cheap alternative to expensive supplements

Eggshells are a rich source of calcium, which can be extracted and used for food fortification and calcium-rich food sources, reducing eggshell waste and promoting sustainable food production.

Literature ReviewHighly Cited

2019·

157citations

·M. Waheed et al.

Trends in Food Science & Technology·

DOI

Effects of nanocalcium carbonate on egg production performance and plasma calcium of laying hens

Nanocalcium carbonate can replace calcium carbonate at lower levels, but extreme reduction in calcium concentration in diets reduces production performance, egg quality, Tibia thickness, and blood calcium in laying hens.

RCTVery Rigorous Journal

2018·

23citations

·S. Ganjigohari et al.

Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition·

DOI

The Secretion of Radioactive Calcium (Ca45) in the Hen’s Egg

Radioactive calcium (Ca45) secretion in laying hens' eggs is a key factor in determining their calcium needs and promoting egg production.

1949·

42citations

·J. Driggers et al.

Poultry Science·

DOI

Dietary supplementation with protected calcium effects production and egg quality of Hy-line brown laying hens

Replacing limestone with 1% protected calcium can increase eggshell quality and decrease egg breakage in laying hens.

RCT

2020·

4citations

·H. Shi et al.

Animal Production Science·

DOI

A free calcium wave traverses the activating egg of the medaka, Oryzias latipes

The fertilization wave in medaka eggs is propagated by calcium-stimulated calcium release from internal sources, primarily from internal sources other than large cortical vesicles, suggesting a general feature of egg activation.

Highly Cited

1978·

549citations

·J. C. Gilkey et al.

The Journal of Cell Biology·

DOI

Changes in Plasma Calcium Concentration During Egg Formation

During egg formation, calcium is mobilized rapidly from body stores and increased in gut absorption, leading to fluctuations in blood calcium concentration.

1958·

20citations

·C. Winget et al.

Poultry Science·

DOI

Factors affecting the transfer of calcium (45Ca) from the hen's diet to the egg shell.

Dietary calcium levels for laying hens vary, but higher levels (2.75 to 4.60 percent) are more effective in improving egg shell quality than lower levels (1.6 to 2.1 percent).

1971·

16citations

·D. B. Bragg et al.

Poultry science·

DOI

Estimation of calcium requirements for optimal productive and reproductive performance, eggshell and tibial quality in egg-type duck breeders.

Dietary calcium levels of 3.86%, 3.48%, and 4.00% are optimal for Longyan duck breeders to achieve maximum eggshell thickness, ovarian weight, and tibial mineral density.

RCTRigorous Journal

2019·

15citations

·W. Xia et al.

Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience·

DOI

Effects of dietary energy and calcium levels on performance, egg shell quality and bone metabolism in hens.

High- and middle-energy diets increase fat deposition but negatively impact bone metabolic homeostasis, while a high-calcium diet benefits bone homeostasis and eggshell quality.

RCTAnimal StudyHighly Cited

2013·

91citations

·Shan Jiang et al.

Veterinary journal·

DOI

Intracellular calcium release at fertilization in the sea urchin egg.

Intracellular calcium release during fertilization in sea urchin eggs occurs from an intracellular store, with peak concentrations reaching 2.5-4.5 M free calcium 45-60 seconds after activation and lasting 2-3 minutes.

In Vitro StudyHighly Cited

1977·

508citations

·R. Steinhardt et al.

Developmental biology·

DOI

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