Elevated cholesterol medical term
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Understanding Elevated Cholesterol: Hypercholesterolemia and Related Conditions
Hypercholesterolemia: Definition and Implications
Hypercholesterolemia is the medical term for elevated cholesterol levels in the blood. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance essential for building cell membranes, producing hormones, and aiding in fat digestion. However, excessive cholesterol can significantly increase the risk of heart disease.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Genetic Factors and Risks
Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by extremely high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from birth. This condition is caused by mutations in genes such as LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9, which are crucial for cholesterol metabolism. FH leads to a higher risk of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) and is one of the most common congenital metabolic disorders .
Hyperlipidemia and Dyslipidemia: Broader Lipid Imbalances
Elevated cholesterol levels are often part of broader lipid imbalances known as hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia. Hyperlipidemia refers to high levels of lipids in the blood, while dyslipidemia indicates an imbalance of lipid levels. Both conditions can lead to cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease (PAD).
Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Hypercholesterolemia
Diagnostic Criteria
Diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia, particularly FH, involves measuring LDL cholesterol levels, assessing family history, and identifying physical signs like xanthomas. Genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis by identifying specific mutations, although it is not always necessary for initiating treatment .
Treatment Approaches
Management of hypercholesterolemia focuses on lowering LDL cholesterol levels through lifestyle changes and medications. Statins are the first-line therapy, often supplemented with other drugs like ezetimibe, bile acid sequestrants, and PCSK9 inhibitors. In severe cases, lipoprotein apheresis may be used .
Elevated Remnant Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Risks
Recent studies highlight the atherogenic potential of remnant cholesterol, a component of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Elevated remnant cholesterol is associated with increased risks of PAD, myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke, underscoring the importance of comprehensive lipid management.
Conclusion
Elevated cholesterol, medically termed hypercholesterolemia, poses significant health risks, particularly when associated with genetic conditions like familial hypercholesterolemia. Effective diagnosis and management, including lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy, are crucial in mitigating these risks and improving cardiovascular health outcomes.
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