F ion
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Understanding the Role and Detection of Fluoride Ions (F⁻) in Various Contexts
Ion Chemistry in the Ionosphere
E- and F-Region Ion Chemistry
The ionosphere's E- and F-regions are rich in ion chemistry involving various ions such as N2⁺, O2⁺, NO⁺, and O⁺. These ions play crucial roles in the ionospheric processes, including vibrationally excited states that significantly impact the ionosphere's behavior1. Understanding these ions' chemistry helps in comprehending the ionospheric dynamics and their interaction with solar and cosmic radiation.
Detection of Fluoride Ions
Colorimetric and Fluorimetric Detection
Recent advancements have led to the development of highly sensitive and selective methods for detecting fluoride ions (F⁻). One such method involves using indolyl-coumarin derivatives, which show a noticeable color change and fluorescence quenching upon interaction with F⁻ ions. This method is highly effective, with a detection limit as low as 0.50 µM, making it suitable for practical applications such as testing fluoride levels in toothpaste and mouth rinsers2.
Smartphone-Based Detection
Innovative approaches have also been developed for on-the-spot testing of fluoride ions in water using smartphone digital imaging. A novel chromofluorogenic receptor based on 1,8-naphthalimide has been synthesized, which changes color from orange to blue in the presence of F⁻ ions. This method is not only cost-effective but also user-friendly, allowing for easy and rapid detection of fluoride in environmental water samples without the need for sophisticated equipment5.
Fluoride Ion Reactions and Applications
Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Fluoride ions (F⁻) are also utilized in chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) to analyze various organic compounds. F⁻ ions react with compounds such as carboxylic acids, ketones, and aldehydes, producing distinct ion spectra that help in identifying and quantifying these substances. This method is particularly useful for analyzing complex mixtures and understanding the reaction mechanisms of F⁻ with different organic molecules3.
Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Species
The bioaccumulation of fluoride ions in aquatic species, such as the Siberian sturgeon, has been studied to understand the environmental impact of fluoride pollution. Exposure to fluoride concentrations as low as 4 mg/L can lead to significant accumulation in bones and cartilage, affecting the growth and health of these fish. This highlights the need for monitoring and regulating fluoride levels in aquatic environments to protect wildlife4.
Fluoride Ion Implantation in Medical Devices
Intraocular Lens Modification
Fluoride ion implantation has been explored to modify the surface properties of intraocular lenses (IOLs). This process reduces cell attachment on the lens surface, which can help prevent post-surgical complications such as inflammation and infection. The implantation process does not significantly alter the optical properties of the lenses, making it a promising technique for improving the biocompatibility of medical implants8.
Conclusion
Fluoride ions play diverse roles in various scientific and practical contexts, from ionospheric chemistry to environmental monitoring and medical applications. Advances in detection methods, such as colorimetric assays and smartphone-based techniques, have made it easier to monitor fluoride levels accurately. Understanding the interactions and effects of fluoride ions is crucial for developing better technologies and protecting environmental and human health.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Ion Chemistry of the Ionosphere at E- and F-Region Altitudes: A Review
Current knowledge of E- and F-region ion chemistry advances understanding of the role of vibrationally excited N2+, O2+, and NO+ ions in the ionosphere.
‘Naked-eye’ colorimetric/fluorimetric detection of F− ions by biologically active 3-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives
The developed chemosensor effectively detects F ions in toothpaste and mouth rinser, with good antifungal and antibacterial activity.
Formation and reactions of negative ions relevant to chemical ionization mass spectrometry. I. Cl mass spectra of organic compounds produced by F− reactions
F ionization mass spectra reveal that organic compounds with weaker ionization show weaker reactions with F, while aromatic hydrocarbons show no reaction at all.
The bioaccumulation of fluoride ion (F(-)) in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) under laboratory conditions.
Fluoride ion accumulation in Siberian sturgeon is harmful to growth, with even 4 mg F(-) L(-1) potentially harmful during long-term waterborne exposure.
RCT
Animal StudyColorimetric assay of fluoride goes digital: On the spot testing of F− ions in water using smartphone's digital imaging and test strip assay by a novel chromofluorogenic receptor based on 1,8-naphthalimide
Smartphone-based fluoride testing using a novel chromofluorogenic receptor based on 1,8-naphthalimide offers a simple, affordable, and portable method for detecting fluoride in water samples.
Spectral properties of a few F-like ions
This study provides accurate data on oscillator strengths, transition probabilities, lifetimes, and hyperfine shifts of fluorine-like ions, which can be used to probe possible variations in the fine structure constant by observing their transition lines from distant astronomical objects.
Selective separation of trivalent f-ions using 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxamide ligands in ionic liquids.
1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxamide complexants with alkyl chains and imidazolium cations effectively separate trivalent f-ions in imidazolium ionic liquids, with high extraction efficiencies and different size selectivities for lanthanide ions.
F+ ion implantation induced cell attachment on intraocular lens.
F+ ion implantation significantly reduces cell attachment on intraocular lenses, potentially improving lens performance without affecting tensile strength or optical transmittance.
In Vitro StudyLow energy (<5 eV) F+ and F- ion transmission through condensed layers of water: Enhancement and attenuation processes.
Attenuation of F+ ions by a single monolayer of H2O is 1%, while F ion emission requires a thicker layer of 10 ML of H2O for equivalent attenuation.
Ion processes in glass ionomer cements.
Ion processes play a crucial role in glass-ionomer cements, with phosphorus controlling ion release from the glass surface and fluoride ions causing surface disruption.
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