What are factors necessary for learning?
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Factors Necessary for Learning
Understanding the factors necessary for learning is crucial for developing effective educational strategies. Research highlights a variety of educational, psychological, and social factors that significantly influence learning outcomes. This article synthesizes findings from multiple studies to provide a comprehensive overview of these factors.
Educational and Psychological Factors
Proximal Variables: Psychological, Instructional, and Home Environment
Research indicates that proximal variables, such as psychological factors, instructional methods, and the home environment, have a more substantial impact on learning compared to distal variables like demographic and policy factors. Psychological factors include students' self-regulated learning, need for cognition, and adaptive control of learning, which are essential for deep learning approaches. Instructional methods that incorporate variation and invariance systematically can significantly enhance students' learning experiences.
Prior Knowledge and Meaningful Learning
David Ausubel's Theory of Meaningful Learning emphasizes that prior knowledge is a critical factor influencing students' learning. However, for learning to be meaningful, students must also have a predisposition to learn and access to potentially significant teaching materials. This theory underscores the importance of building on what students already know and ensuring that new information is relevant and engaging.
Social and Emotional Factors
Motivation and Emotional Well-being
Motivational factors play a significant role in learning. Students' motivation can be influenced by family support, the perceived importance of classes, interest in the subject matter, and a positive self-concept. Emotional factors such as interest, joy, and a sense of well-being are also crucial, particularly during the knowledge acquisition phase of learning. Positive emotions are linked to successful learning processes, while negative emotions like anxiety can hinder learning.
Teacher-Student Relationships
The relationship between teachers and students is another critical factor. Effective teachers create a warm and supportive learning environment, show genuine care for their students, and serve as positive role models. These teacher-related factors can significantly enhance students' motivation and engagement in the learning process.
Environmental and Contextual Factors
Online and Blended Learning Environments
In the context of online and blended learning, several factors are essential for success. These include basic online modality, instructional support, teaching presence, cognitive presence, and social presence. Students who prefer face-to-face classes value online interactive modality and instructional support more highly, indicating the need for a comparable experience in online settings.
Learning Frameworks and Course Quality
Learning frameworks courses that focus on study and self-management strategies, motivation, and cognitive skills can significantly impact student success. Additionally, students' satisfaction with course quality, including workload, assessment, teaching, and clarity of goals, encourages the adoption of deep learning approaches.
Conclusion
In summary, learning is influenced by a complex interplay of educational, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Proximal variables such as psychological factors, instructional methods, and home environment play a significant role. Prior knowledge, motivation, emotional well-being, and teacher-student relationships are also crucial. In online and blended learning environments, factors like teaching presence and instructional support are essential. Understanding these factors can help educators develop more effective teaching strategies and create supportive learning environments that foster student success.
Sources and full results
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