Glucophage class
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Glucophage Class: Efficacy, Safety, and Applications
Introduction to Glucophage (Metformin)
Glucophage, commonly known as metformin, is a widely used medication in the management of type 2 diabetes. It belongs to the biguanide class of drugs and is primarily used to improve glycemic control in patients who are unable to manage their blood sugar levels through diet and exercise alone.
Efficacy and Dose-Response Relationship of Glucophage XR
Extended-release formulations of metformin, such as Glucophage XR, have been developed to enhance patient compliance and provide a more consistent therapeutic effect. Studies have shown that Glucophage XR is effective in improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients who have not achieved adequate control with diet and exercise alone. The efficacy and safety of Glucophage XR were evaluated in two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, which demonstrated significant improvements in glycemic control at commonly used dosages1.
Safety Profile of Glucophage
The safety of Glucophage, including its extended-release formulations, has been well-documented. The studies mentioned above also assessed the safety of Glucophage XR, confirming that it is generally well-tolerated by patients. Common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, which are typically mild and transient1.
Glucophage in Diabetic Wound Healing
Recent research has explored innovative applications of Glucophage beyond its traditional use in glycemic control. One such application is in the enhancement of diabetic wound healing. A study developed nanofibrous drug-loaded collagen/PLGA scaffold membranes that provided sustained release of Glucophage. These membranes significantly promoted the healing of diabetic wounds and increased collagen content in the treated areas, suggesting a promising new use for Glucophage in wound management4.
Conclusion
Glucophage, particularly in its extended-release form, remains a cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes due to its efficacy and safety profile. Additionally, emerging research highlights its potential in promoting diabetic wound healing, expanding its therapeutic applications. As research continues, Glucophage may prove to be even more versatile in managing complications associated with diabetes.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Efficacy, dose–response relationship and safety of once‐daily extended‐release metformin (Glucophage® XR) in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycaemic control despite prior treatment with diet and exercise: results from two double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies
Once-daily extended-release metformin (Glucophage® XR) effectively improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients despite diet and exercise, with dose-dependent effects.
RCT
Highly CitedChronic Exposure to Glucocorticoids Shapes Gene Expression and Modulates Innate and Adaptive Activation Pathways in Macrophages with Distinct Changes in Leukocyte Attraction
Long-term glucocorticoid treatment weakens adaptive immune signature components but strengthens innate signature components, affecting the innate-adaptive balance in macrophages.
Non-RCTHighly CitedAutophagy protects chondrocytes from glucocorticoids-induced apoptosis via ROS/Akt/FOXO3 signaling.
Autophagy protects chondrocytes from glucocorticoids-induced apoptosis by inducing apoptosis through the ROS/Akt/FOXO3 signaling pathway.
In Vitro Study
Rigorous JournalHighly CitedAugmentation of diabetic wound healing and enhancement of collagen content using nanofibrous glucophage-loaded collagen/PLGA scaffold membranes.
Nanofibrous glucophage-loaded collagen/PLGA scaffold membranes effectively promote diabetic wound healing and increase collagen content, with sustained release for over three weeks.
In Vitro StudyHighly CitedGlucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper modulates macrophage polarization and apoptotic cell clearance.
GILZ plays a key role in macrophage reprogramming and efferocytosis, contributing to inflammation resolution by promoting M1-like macrophages and increasing efferocytosis.
Non-RCT
Animal StudyRigorous JournalBioequivalence of Glucophage ® (Metformin) Tablets from Europe and the United States Tested in Healthy Volunteers
Glucophage tablets from Europe and the US are bioequivalent at doses of 1000 mg and 500 mg, and both markets are well-tolerated by healthy male and female subjects.
RCTMetformin: the miraculus drug
Metformin is a biguanide class of antidiabetic drug biochemically known as Dimethyl biguanide. This pharmacological agent has got originated from the French lilac or goat's rue (Galega officinalis), a plant that was used in traditional medicine for years. It was first synthesized in 1929 (1). However, it was used in clinical practice for the treatment of diabetes in the late 1950s by the French physician Jean Sterne, who gave it its first trade name, Glucophage ("glucose eater") (1).
Glucocerebrosidase gene-deficient mouse recapitulates Gaucher disease displaying cellular and molecular dysregulation beyond the macrophage
Gaucher disease involves multiple cell lineages, suggesting potential therapeutic targets beyond macrophages.
In Vitro StudyHighly CitedAntibody response in patients with Gaucher disease after repeated infusion with macrophage-targeted glucocerebrosidase.
Repeated infusions of macrophage-targeted glucocerebrosidase (GCR) in Gaucher disease patients may cause IgG antibodies, but their presence does not affect the efficacy of therapy.
Observational StudyGlucocorticoids mobilize macrophages by transcriptionally up-regulating the exopeptidase DPP4
Glucocorticoids stimulate macrophage migration by directly up-regulating DPP4 expression, potentially explaining their limited effectiveness in controlling macrophage-dominated inflammatory disorders.
In Vitro Study