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Hemoglobin (Hb) Testing: Innovations and Applications
Introduction to Hemoglobin Testing
Hemoglobin (Hb) testing is a critical diagnostic tool used to evaluate the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. It is routinely performed as part of a complete blood cell count to diagnose conditions such as anemia. Traditional methods for measuring Hb concentration are accurate and rapid but can be prohibitively expensive, especially in resource-limited settings.
Paper-Based Hemoglobin Assay for Resource-Limited Settings
A novel paper-based assay has been developed to measure Hb concentration, offering a low-cost and simple alternative to traditional methods. This assay involves depositing a blood and Drabkin reagent mixture onto patterned chromatography paper, which is then digitized and analyzed for color intensity. The results from this method show a high correlation with those obtained from standard hematology analyzers, making it a promising tool for diagnosing anemia in low-income regions.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Hemoglobin Testing Devices
Several new devices have been developed to improve the accessibility and accuracy of Hb testing. These include the hemoglobin color scale (HCS-HLL), TrueHb digital hemoglobinometer, and TouchHb non-invasive device. Among these, the TrueHb device has shown the highest diagnostic accuracy, with a sensitivity of 74.4% for venous samples and 82.0% for capillary samples, and a specificity greater than 75%. This makes TrueHb a reliable option for screening anemia, particularly in outreach settings.
Rapid Detection of Human Hemoglobin
A highly sensitive and rapid method for detecting human Hb in serum has been developed using a bivalent antibody-enzyme complex (AEC). This method leverages the high affinity of bivalent AECs to provide a quick and accurate measurement of Hb levels, which is crucial during emergent surgeries. The system covers the clinically required Hb levels and offers a convenient point-of-care testing solution.
Hemoglobin Testing in Colorectal Cancer Screening
Faecal immunochemical tests (FIT) for Hb are used in colorectal cancer screening. These tests employ antibodies to detect the globin moiety of human Hb. Four automated FIT systems—HM-JACKarc, NS-Prime, OC-Sensor PLEDIA, and SENTiFIT 270—have demonstrated good analytical performance, including acceptable imprecision, linearity, and limited carryover. These systems are effective for their intended purpose, although variations in external quality assessment results highlight the need for standardization.
Conclusion
Innovations in Hb testing, such as paper-based assays and advanced diagnostic devices, are making it easier to diagnose and manage conditions like anemia, especially in resource-limited settings. These advancements not only improve accessibility but also ensure high diagnostic accuracy, which is essential for effective healthcare delivery.
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