High cholesterol term
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Understanding High Cholesterol: Causes, Risks, and Global Trends
What is High Cholesterol?
High cholesterol, also known as hypercholesterolemia, is a condition characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance essential for building cell membranes, producing certain hormones, and aiding in fat digestion. However, excessive cholesterol can lead to serious health issues, particularly heart disease.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Genetic Perspective
Familial hypercholesterolemia is an inherited form of high cholesterol. Individuals with this condition have very high levels of cholesterol because their bodies cannot effectively remove excess cholesterol from the blood. This genetic disorder significantly increases the risk of developing heart disease .
The Role of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, often referred to as "good cholesterol," helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream. However, recent studies have shown that extremely high levels of HDL-C can also be detrimental. For instance, a pooled analysis of Japanese cohorts found that extremely high HDL-C levels were associated with increased risks of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, coronary heart disease, and ischemic stroke. Similarly, a systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that extremely high HDL-C levels are linked to elevated risks of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and stroke.
Global Trends in Cholesterol Levels
The global landscape of cholesterol levels has shifted over the past few decades. Historically, high cholesterol was more prevalent in wealthy Western countries. However, recent data show that non-HDL cholesterol levels have increased in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, while they have decreased in high-income Western countries. This shift underscores the need for global public health strategies to address cholesterol-related risks.
Dietary Impact on Cholesterol Levels
Diet plays a crucial role in managing cholesterol levels. A short-term increase in dietary cholesterol and fat intake can significantly alter the composition of HDL, making it more dysfunctional. For example, a study found that a high-cholesterol/high-fat diet increased HDL lipid hydroperoxide content and serum amyloid A levels, which are markers of dysfunctional HDL.
Cholesterol and Multiple Diseases
Excess cholesterol is not only a risk factor for atherosclerosis but also contributes to the pathogenesis of various other diseases. High cholesterol levels have been implicated in liver diseases, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, immune disorders, and even COVID-19. This broad impact highlights the importance of managing cholesterol levels to prevent a wide range of health issues.
Conclusion
High cholesterol is a significant health concern with far-reaching implications. While familial hypercholesterolemia poses a genetic risk, lifestyle factors such as diet also play a crucial role in managing cholesterol levels. The global shift in cholesterol trends calls for comprehensive public health strategies to mitigate the associated risks. Understanding the multifaceted impact of cholesterol on health can guide better prevention and treatment approaches.
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