How long before metformin starts working
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How Long Before Metformin Starts Working
Introduction to Metformin's Mechanism of Action
Metformin is a widely used medication for managing type 2 diabetes (T2D). It primarily works by reducing glucose production in the liver and improving insulin sensitivity. Recent studies have also highlighted its effects on the gut microbiome, which may contribute to its therapeutic benefits .
Initial Effects and Short-Term Efficacy
Onset of Action
Metformin's glucose-lowering effects can be observed relatively quickly. In a study assessing the efficacy of delayed-release metformin (Met DR), significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels were noted within 12 weeks of treatment. This suggests that patients may start to see improvements in their blood glucose levels within the first three months of starting metformin.
Gut Microbiome Alterations
Another study demonstrated that metformin significantly alters the gut microbiome within four months of treatment, which is believed to contribute to its glucose-lowering effects. This alteration in the gut microbiota can enhance glucose tolerance, further supporting the early onset of metformin's action.
Long-Term Efficacy and Sustained Benefits
Sustained Glycemic Control
Long-term studies have shown that metformin continues to provide glycemic control well beyond the initial few months. For instance, a study on the combination therapy of saxagliptin and metformin reported sustained glycemic control over a period of 76 weeks. This indicates that metformin not only works quickly but also maintains its efficacy over extended periods.
Impact on Insulin Sensitivity and Menstrual Regularity
In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), metformin has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenemia over a six-month period. These changes were associated with significant improvements in menstrual abnormalities and ovulation, demonstrating metformin's broader metabolic benefits.
Conclusion
Metformin begins to exert its glucose-lowering effects within the first few weeks to three months of treatment, with significant improvements in fasting plasma glucose levels and alterations in the gut microbiome. These effects are sustained over the long term, providing ongoing glycemic control and additional metabolic benefits. Therefore, patients can expect to see initial improvements relatively quickly, with continued benefits over time.
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