How much energy in the universe
Pro Research Analysisby 
Searched over 200M research papers
Understanding the Total Energy in the Universe
Zero-Energy Universe Hypothesis
The zero-energy universe hypothesis posits that the total energy in the universe is exactly zero. This theory suggests that the positive energy in the form of matter is perfectly balanced by the negative energy in the form of gravity. This idea is supported by several studies which indicate that the total mechanical energy of the observable universe is close to zero, implying a balance between gravitational and kinetic energy . Additionally, some calculations using Einstein's pseudotensor also support the zero total energy concept, although results can vary depending on the specific spacetime geometry considered.
Quantum Theory of Superunification
Contrary to the zero-energy hypothesis, the quantum theory of Superunification proposes a different perspective. This theory suggests that the cosmic vacuum has a maximum energy level due to its quantized space-time structure, which consists of quantons. The energy accumulated in one cubic meter of space vacuum, according to this theory, is equivalent to the mass of the entire universe, indicating that 100% of the energy is hidden within the quantized space-time.
Composition of Energy in the Universe
Recent observations and theoretical models provide a detailed breakdown of the universe's energy composition. According to the Planck Mission, the observable universe consists of 68.3% dark energy, 26.8% dark matter, and 4.9% ordinary matter. This distribution aligns closely with other studies that estimate dark energy to constitute about 70% of the universe's energy density, driving its accelerated expansion. The remaining energy is divided among various forms, including baryonic matter, electromagnetic radiation, and neutrinos.
Dark Energy and Dark Matter
Dark energy, which makes up the majority of the universe's energy, is characterized by its negative pressure and is responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. The nature of dark energy remains one of the biggest mysteries in cosmology, with leading theories including the cosmological constant and quintessence . Dark matter, on the other hand, is believed to be composed of slowly moving elementary particles such as axions or neutralinos, and it plays a crucial role in the formation and structure of galaxies.
Energy Flow and Transformations
The universe exhibits a complex flow and transformation of energy across various scales. This includes electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, cosmic rays, and gravitational energy. Sources of these energy forms range from cosmic expansion and gravitational collapse to active galactic nuclei (AGN), quasars, stars, supernovae, and gamma-ray bursts. These processes contribute to the dynamic and ever-changing energy landscape of the universe.
Conclusion
The total energy of the universe is a subject of ongoing debate and research. While the zero-energy universe hypothesis suggests a balance between positive and negative energies, alternative theories like Superunification propose a hidden global energy within the quantized space-time. The composition of the universe's energy, dominated by dark energy and dark matter, further complicates our understanding. As research continues, new insights and models will likely emerge, shedding more light on this fundamental question.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic