How much energy is in the universe
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Understanding the Total Energy in the Universe
Zero-Energy Universe Hypothesis
The zero-energy universe hypothesis posits that the total energy in the universe is exactly zero. This theory suggests that the positive energy in the form of matter is perfectly balanced by the negative energy in the form of gravity. This idea is supported by several models and calculations, including those using Einstein's pseudotensor, which show that in some spacetime geometries, the total energy can indeed be zero. Additionally, relativistic calculations of the universe's kinetic energy, excluding dark energy, also support the notion that the total mechanical energy of the observable universe is close to zero .
Quantum Theory of Superunification
Contrary to the zero-energy hypothesis, the quantum theory of Superunification proposes a different perspective. This theory suggests that the universe's energy is not zero but rather at a maximum level due to the quantized structure of space-time. According to this theory, the energy accumulated in one cubic meter of space vacuum is equivalent to the mass of the entire universe, indicating that 100% of the energy is hidden within the quantized space-time.
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
The composition of the universe's energy is also significantly influenced by dark matter and dark energy. Observations and theoretical models indicate that dark energy constitutes about 68.3% of the universe's total energy, while dark matter makes up about 26.8%, leaving only 4.9% for ordinary matter. This distribution aligns with the critical density required for a flat universe, as predicted by inflationary models and supported by measurements of cosmic background radiation anisotropy.
Gravitational and Kinetic Energy
Recent studies have shown that the universe's total gravitational and kinetic energy can be determined using Newtonian gravity in a flat space. These studies reveal that the kinetic energy of the universe primarily results from cosmological expansion, and when combined with gravitational energy, the total mechanical energy is found to be close to zero . This balance between gravitational and kinetic energy further supports the zero-energy universe hypothesis.
Dark Energy's Role
Dark energy, which is believed to drive the accelerated expansion of the universe, is a significant component of the universe's total energy. It is characterized by negative pressure and is unclustered, making up nearly 70% of the universe's energy density . The exact nature of dark energy remains one of the most profound mysteries in cosmology, with theories ranging from a cosmological constant to more complex models involving scalar fields and topological defects .
Conclusion
The total energy of the universe is a complex and multifaceted topic. While the zero-energy universe hypothesis provides a compelling framework supported by various models and calculations, alternative theories like the quantum theory of Superunification offer different insights. The significant contributions of dark matter and dark energy further complicate the picture, highlighting the need for continued research and exploration in this field.
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