How to create a black hole
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Methods of Black Hole Creation
Black Hole Creation in 2 + 1 Dimensions
Creating black holes in lower-dimensional spaces, specifically in 2 + 1 dimensions, involves the interaction of point particles with three-dimensional gravity and a negative cosmological constant. When two such particles approach each other with a sufficiently high center-of-mass energy, a BTZ (Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli) black hole can form. This process has been explicitly modeled, showing that even massless particles can collapse into a non-rotating black hole. Additionally, it is suggested that massive particles can also be used, potentially leading to the creation of rotating black holes1.
Pair Creation of Rotating Black Holes
In the context of Einstein-Maxwell gravity, rotating black holes can be created in pairs through quantum processes. This involves an external electromagnetic field and the use of the Ernst technique to generate a solution describing two charged, spinning black holes. A wormhole instanton solution is constructed to discuss the semi-classical quantum process of black hole pair creation in an external magnetic field2. This method highlights the role of electromagnetic fields in facilitating the creation of black holes.
Quantum Creation During Inflation
Black holes can also be created during the inflationary phase of the universe through quantum processes. Using Euclidean quantum gravity, it is argued that a single topology change can lead to the formation of multiple black holes. These black holes eventually evaporate, causing the universe to fragment and potentially leading to the creation of multiple inflationary universes3. This iterative process underscores the dynamic nature of black hole creation in the early universe.
Creation of Inflationary Universes from Black Holes
A two-step mechanism has been proposed for creating new inflationary domains from black holes. Initially, a false vacuum bubble is created by the thermal effects of Hawking radiation around an evaporating black hole. This bubble then induces quantum tunneling, forming a wormhole-like configuration. The space beyond the wormhole throat can expand exponentially, filled with false vacuum energy, effectively creating another inflationary universe4. This mechanism links black hole evaporation with the genesis of new universes.
Higher Dimensional Black Hole Pair Creation
In higher-dimensional spacetimes, black hole pairs can be created in a de Sitter (dS) background. The energy required for this process comes from the positive cosmological constant. The instantons describing this process are derived from Tangherlini black hole solutions. The pair creation rate is less suppressed in higher dimensions, making it more feasible as the dimensionality of spacetime increases5. This method extends the concept of black hole creation to higher-dimensional frameworks.
Quantum Mechanical Effects and Black Hole Particle Emission
Quantum mechanical effects can cause black holes to emit particles, a phenomenon not predicted by classical theory. This emission occurs as if the black hole were a hot body, leading to a gradual decrease in its mass and eventual disappearance. This process, known as Hawking radiation, violates the classical law that the event horizon area cannot decrease but adheres to a generalized second law of thermodynamics7. This insight is crucial for understanding the lifecycle of black holes.
Quantum Creation at the Birth of the Universe
Using the Hartle-Hawking no-boundary proposal, the wave function and probability of a single black hole created at the universe's birth can be studied. This black hole originates from a generalized gravitational instanton with conical singularities. The probability of black hole creation is related to the exponential of one-quarter of the sum of the areas of the black hole and cosmological horizons, which corresponds to the total entropy of the universe8. This approach provides a quantum cosmological perspective on black hole formation.
Conclusion
The creation of black holes can occur through various mechanisms, ranging from particle collisions in lower dimensions to quantum processes during inflation and in higher-dimensional spacetimes. Electromagnetic fields, Hawking radiation, and quantum tunneling play significant roles in these processes. Understanding these diverse methods enriches our comprehension of black hole physics and the dynamic nature of the universe.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Black hole creation in 2 + 1 dimensions
A BTZ black hole can be created when two massless particles approach each other with a sufficiently large centre-of-mass energy, with some general arguments suggesting that massive particles can also be used and a rotating black hole is possible.
Highly CitedPair Creation of Rotating Black Holes
This paper presents an exact solution for creating a pair of charged and spinning black holes in an external electromagnetic field, revealing the quantum process of creation rate in an external magnetic field.
Creating black holes in the universe, and universes through black holes
During inflation, a single topology change can lead to the formation of multiple black holes, which evaporate and disappear, causing the universe to disintegrate into large fragments, leading to the proliferation of inflationary universes.
Creation of an inflationary universe out of a black hole
A two-step mechanism can create a new inflationary universe out of an evaporating black hole by creating a false vacuum bubble and a wormhole-like configuration.
Pair creation of higher dimensional black holes on a de Sitter background
Higher dimensional black hole pair creation in a de Sitter background is more suppressed as the dimension of spacetime increases, making it the only background in which we can discuss this process analytically.
Black Hole: Using Black Hole Theory and General Relativity to Create a Data-Driven Light and Sound Sculpture
Black Hole is a data-driven light and sound sculpture that translates black hole theory and geometry into terrifying boundaries and confinement, using light and sound to sense the presence of the black hole.
Particle creation by black holes
Quantum mechanical effects cause black holes to create and emit particles as if they were hot bodies, leading to their eventual disappearance and violation of the classical law of event horizon area not decreasing.
Highly CitedQuantum Creation of a Black Hole
The probability of creating a black hole at the birth of the universe is the exponential of one quarter of the sum of black hole and cosmological horizon areas, which is equal to the total entropy of the universe.
Black Hole: Using Black Hole Theory and General Relativity to Create a Data-Driven Light and Sound Sculpture
Abstract Black Hole is a data-driven light and sound sculpture that uses black hole theory and general relativity to create a terrifying experience for the viewer.
The area of a rough black hole
Abstract We investigate the consequences for the black hole area of introducing fractal structure for the horizon geometry. We create a three-dimensional spherical analogue of a ‘Koch Snowflake’ using a infinite diminishing hierarchy of touching spheres around the Schwarzschild event horizon. We can create a fractal structure for the horizon with finite volume and infinite (or finite) area. This is a toy model for the possible effects of quantum gravitational spacetime foam, with significant implications for assessments of the entropy of black holes and the universe, which is generally larger than in standard picture of black hole structure and thermodynamics, potentially by very considerable factors. The entropy of the observable universe today becomes S ≈ 10 120 ( 1 + Δ / 2 ) , where 0 ≤ Δ ≤ 1 , with Δ = 0 for a smooth spacetime structure and Δ = 1 for the most intricate. The Hawking lifetime of black holes is also reduced.
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