Implicit and explicit attitude measures lead to divergent results

Introduction

The study of implicit and explicit attitudes has garnered significant attention in psychological research. Implicit attitudes are automatic and unconscious, while explicit attitudes are deliberate and conscious. Researchers have explored how these two types of attitudes differ in stability, predictive power, and susceptibility to change, often leading to divergent results.

Key Insights

Stability Over Time:
- Implicit measures show lower temporal stability compared to explicit measures, indicating that explicit attitudes are more consistent over time.
Susceptibility to Change:
- Implicit attitudes can change due to new automatic associations, while explicit attitudes may remain unchanged when additional information is considered.
Predictive Power:
- Implicit attitudes are more predictive of spontaneous behaviors, whereas explicit attitudes better predict deliberative behaviors.
- In educational settings, implicit attitudes are more predictive of teachers' behaviors towards students than explicit attitudes.
Divergence in Consumer Evaluations:
- Implicit and explicit attitudes can diverge in consumer evaluations, with implicit measures not predicting explicit liking or purchase intentions.
Sources of Attitudes:
- Implicit attitudes are influenced by early experiences, affective experiences, cultural biases, and cognitive consistency principles, which differ from the sources of explicit attitudes.
Meta-Analytic Findings:
- Both implicit and explicit attitudes independently predict behavior, with explicit attitudes having a larger effect size. Implicit attitudes have a stronger effect on social bias behaviors.
Measurement Reliability:
- Implicit measures suffer from reliability and construct validity issues, making them less suitable for predicting behavior compared to explicit measures.

Conclusion

Research indicates that implicit and explicit attitudes often lead to divergent results due to differences in stability, susceptibility to change, predictive power, and sources of influence. Implicit attitudes are less stable over time, more susceptible to change through automatic associations, and better at predicting spontaneous behaviors. In contrast, explicit attitudes are more stable, less susceptible to change, and better at predicting deliberative behaviors. These differences underscore the importance of using both types of measures to gain a comprehensive understanding of attitudes and their impact on behavior.

Implicit and explicit attitude measures lead to divergent results

Summary

Introduction

Key Insights

Conclusion

Sources and full results

Temporal Stability of Implicit and Explicit Measures

Implicit measures show significantly lower temporal stability than explicit measures in self-concept, racial attitudes, and political attitudes domains.

Understanding patterns of attitude change: When implicit measures show change, but explicit measures do not ☆

Experimental effects on implicit attitudes can show changes that do not emerge on explicit measures when automatic associations are created in memory, but additional information about the attitude object reduces their impact on self-reported judgments.

Predictive models of implicit and explicit attitudes.

Implicit and explicit attitudes can predict behavior differently, with the multiplicative model supporting smoking behavior and the double dissociation model supporting snack preferences.

Educational Psychology: Using Insights from Implicit Attitude Measures

Implicit attitudes are more predictive of teacher and preservice teachers' behavior than explicit attitudes, highlighting the need for implicit measures in educational research.

Multi-measure investigation of the divergence of implicit and explicit consumer evaluations

Implicit and explicit attitudes in consumer evaluations can diverge, with implicit activation of a product's emotional benefit significantly influencing explicit emotional state and purchase intention.

Sources of Implicit Attitudes

Early experiences, affective experiences, cultural biases, and cognitive consistency principles significantly influence implicit attitudes, which differ from explicit attitudes.

A Meta-Analysis of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes in Children and Adolescents

Both implicit and explicit attitudes independently predict behavior in children and adolescents, with explicit attitudes having a larger effect size.

Implicit Attitude Measures

Implicit measures of attitudes can provide valuable insights for basic research, but explicit measures are more reliable and valid for predicting behavior from attitudes.

Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test.

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is independent from explicit attitudes and reflects associations exposed to a person's environment, rather than the extent to which they endorse those evaluative associations.

Measuring Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Foreign Accented Speech

Implicit and explicit attitudes towards foreign accented speech are distinct constructs resulting from distinct mental processes, suggesting that language attitudes research should incorporate indirect measures.

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