What is the link between being male/female and migration intention.
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Gender Differences in Migration Intention
Influence of Local Male and Female Density on Migration
Research indicates that migration decisions are significantly influenced by the local density of males and females in a given area. In species with discrete generations and polygynous mating systems, males and females exhibit different migration behaviors based on the density of their own and the opposite sex. For instance, males are more likely to migrate in response to local sex ratios, especially when there is no competition for resources. Conversely, females tend to migrate only under extreme competition conditions or when both sexes compete for resources, although the response patterns differ between genders1.
Habitat Quality and Gender-Specific Migration
In pond-breeding amphibians, such as the red-spotted newts, migration decisions are influenced by both habitat quality and gender. High population density prompts a higher percentage of newts to migrate, with females migrating earlier and in greater numbers compared to males. This suggests that females may face different trade-offs in migration decisions, potentially due to reproductive or survival strategies. Interestingly, the sex ratio itself did not significantly affect migration, highlighting that density and gender-specific factors play a more crucial role2.
Socioeconomic Factors and Gendered Migration in Humans
Human migration also exhibits gender-specific patterns influenced by socioeconomic factors. In China, for example, although males have higher migration rates, female migration is more efficient in terms of population redistribution. Women are more likely to migrate for social and family reasons, while men are driven by economic motivations. Additionally, women are more sensitive to regional economic opportunities, particularly in rural areas, whereas men are attracted to urban job opportunities and foreign enterprises. This reflects the different economic and social roles that men and women occupy, influencing their migration decisions3.
Conclusion
In summary, migration intentions are closely linked to gender, with distinct patterns observed across different species and contexts. Males and females respond differently to local density, habitat quality, and socioeconomic factors, leading to varied migration behaviors. Understanding these gender-specific migration patterns is crucial for developing targeted policies and interventions that address the unique needs and motivations of both men and women.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Gender-Specific Emigration Decisions Sensitive to Local Male and Female Density
Emigration decisions in species with discrete generations and polygynous mating depend on a critical threshold density of their own gender, with females and males emigrating depending on resource competition.
Sex- and context-dependent migration in a pond-breeding amphibian.
Migration in red-spotted newts is influenced by local density and gender, with females migrating earlier and 64% more developing the migrant phenotype than males.
Non-RCT
Animal Study
Highly CitedGendering Interprovincial Migration in China 1
Female migration in China is more efficient and contributes to greater population redistribution than male migration, with women more sensitive to regional differences in economic opportunities.
Gender and the “Laws of Migration”
Ravenstein's key finding on gender and internal migration in late 19th-century Europe and North America was flawed due to the higher rate of male migration out of the population.
Local Ties and Family Migration
Local ties to work and family significantly decrease the likelihood of family migration, with the man's work ties being more influential than the woman's, and no significant gender differences in the impact of family ties.
Observational StudyHighly CitedHigher impact of female than male migration on population structure in large mammals
Female migration significantly influences genetic structure in large mammals, with comigration of mother and offspring during gravidity and lactation being the primary cause.
Negotiating Migration, Performing Gender
Successful Filipino migrant domestic workers achieve family support by reframing migration as a duty and extension of traditional roles, rather than attempting to "undo" gender.
Gendered Global Migrations
This paper highlights the need to consider the complex gendered stratification of global migration, extending analysis beyond productive and reproductive labor, and incorporating female skilled migrants into knowledge economy and society conceptualizations.
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