List heart problems
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Common Heart Problems: An Overview
Heart problems encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the heart's structure and function. This article synthesizes findings from multiple research papers to provide a comprehensive overview of prevalent heart issues.
Heart Failure: A Major Public Health Concern
Heart Failure (HF) Epidemiology
Heart failure (HF) is a significant public health issue, affecting millions globally. Despite advances in treatment, the burden of HF remains high due to persistent mortality and hospitalization rates . HF can be categorized into two main types based on ejection fraction: preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). HFpEF is increasingly common, especially among older adults, and lacks specific treatments . HFrEF, on the other hand, is associated with substantial morbidity and reduced quality of life.
Heart Failure in the Elderly
Older adults are particularly vulnerable to HF, with a significant proportion experiencing diastolic heart failure (DHF), where the heart's ability to fill properly is impaired . Studies indicate that older adults with HF, regardless of the type, have higher mortality rates compared to those without HF .
Metabolic Aspects of Heart Failure
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is now recognized as a multifactorial metabolic syndrome. It involves complex interactions between haemodynamic, neurohormonal, immunological, and endocrine mechanisms, which initially compensate for the heart's dysfunction but eventually contribute to further deterioration.
Coronary Heart Disease and Valvular Disorders
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
CHD is one of the most common heart problems, characterized by the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. This can result in angina, heart attacks, and other complications.
Valvular Disorders
Valvular heart diseases involve damage to one or more of the heart's valves, affecting blood flow within the heart. Common valvular disorders include aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and tricuspid regurgitation.
Other Cardiac Conditions
Pericardial and Myocardial Diseases
Pericardial diseases, such as pericardial effusion and pericarditis, and myocardial diseases, including myocarditis, can significantly impact heart function. These conditions often result from infections, autoimmune responses, or other underlying health issues.
Cardiac Cancers
Although rare, cardiac cancers can affect the heart's structure and function. These malignancies require specialized treatment and management.
Athlete’s Heart and Heart Disease in Pregnancy
Athlete’s heart refers to the physiological changes in the heart due to intense physical training, which can sometimes mimic pathological conditions. Heart disease in pregnancy poses unique challenges due to the increased cardiovascular demands during this period.
Congenital Heart Disease in Adults
Adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) often face lifelong complications, even after surgical repair. These complications include arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, and the need for re-operations. Conditions such as repaired coarctation and tetralogy of Fallot require ongoing surveillance and management to prevent severe outcomes like sudden cardiac death and myocardial infarction.
Conclusion
Heart problems are diverse and complex, affecting millions worldwide. From heart failure and coronary heart disease to valvular disorders and congenital heart conditions, each type presents unique challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and management. Continued research and multidisciplinary approaches are essential to improve outcomes and quality of life for individuals with heart problems.
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