List of heart problems
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Comprehensive Overview of Heart Problems
Heart Failure: A Persistent Epidemic
Heart Failure Epidemiology and Trends
Heart failure (HF) is a significant public health issue, affecting millions globally. Despite advancements in treatment, the incidence of HF remains high, particularly among older adults. Studies indicate that while the incidence of HF has plateaued or slightly declined, the burden of mortality and hospitalization persists . The case mix of HF is evolving, with an increasing proportion of patients presenting with preserved ejection fraction, a condition for which effective treatments are still lacking .
Heart Failure in the Elderly
Heart failure is particularly prevalent among the elderly, with a notable distinction between diastolic heart failure (DHF) and systolic heart failure (SHF). DHF, characterized by the heart's inability to fill properly, is more common in older adults and has a slightly better prognosis compared to SHF, which involves the heart's inability to pump effectively . However, both conditions significantly increase mortality risk compared to individuals without HF .
Metabolic and Multimorbidity Aspects of Heart Failure
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is increasingly recognized as a multifactorial metabolic syndrome. It involves complex interactions between haemodynamic, neurohormonal, immunological, and endocrine mechanisms, which initially compensate for the heart's dysfunction but eventually contribute to further deterioration. This complexity necessitates a multidisciplinary approach to management, integrating cardiology, endocrinology, and immunology.
Other Common Cardiac Problems
Coronary Heart Disease and Valvular Disorders
Coronary heart disease (CHD) and valvular disorders are among the most common cardiac issues. CHD involves the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart. Valvular disorders, such as stenosis or regurgitation, affect the heart valves' ability to regulate blood flow properly.
Pericardial and Myocardial Diseases
Pericardial diseases, including pericardial effusion and pericarditis, and myocardial diseases like myocarditis, are significant cardiac conditions. These diseases can result from infections, malignancies, or other underlying health issues, leading to inflammation and impaired heart function.
Congenital Heart Disease in Adults
Adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) often face lifelong complications despite surgical interventions. Common issues include arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, and the need for re-operations. Conditions such as repaired coarctation of the aorta and tetralogy of Fallot require ongoing surveillance due to risks of premature cardiovascular complications and aortic issues.
Conclusion
Heart problems encompass a wide range of conditions, from heart failure and coronary heart disease to congenital and valvular disorders. The complexity and multifactorial nature of these conditions highlight the need for comprehensive, multidisciplinary approaches to management and treatment. Despite advancements, significant challenges remain in reducing the burden of these diseases, particularly among the elderly and those with multimorbidities. Continued research and innovative therapeutic strategies are essential to improve outcomes for patients with heart problems.
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