Lung cancer

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Lung Cancer: An Overview

Introduction to Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with an estimated 2 million new cases and 1.76 million deaths annually. It is broadly categorized into non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), with NSCLC accounting for approximately 85% of all cases .

Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Lung cancer has transformed from a rare disease into a global public health issue, driven by factors such as industrialization, urbanization, and environmental pollution. The primary risk factor remains tobacco smoking, responsible for 80-90% of all lung cancer diagnoses. Other significant risk factors include radon exposure, occupational exposure to carcinogens, indoor air pollution, and dietary factors .

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Lung cancer may not cause symptoms in its early stages. When symptoms do appear, they can include chest pain, frequent coughing, blood in the mucus, breathing problems, trouble swallowing or speaking, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, and swelling in the face or neck. Diagnostic approaches include chest X-ray, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and histological examination of tumor biopsies .

Advances in Screening and Early Detection

Screening for lung cancer using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has been shown to improve mortality rates. Early detection is crucial, as surgical resection of NSCLC at an early stage offers a favorable prognosis, with 5-year survival rates of up to 70% for small, localized tumors. However, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, resulting in poor survival rates.

Treatment Modalities

Treatment for lung cancer is determined by the subtype and stage of the disease. Options include surgery, radiochemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies such as anti-angiogenic monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors for tumors with specific oncogene mutations. Recent advancements in personalized therapies have significantly improved outcomes for many patients .

Lung Cancer in India

In India, lung cancer has reached epidemic proportions, surpassing oropharyngeal cancer as the most common malignancy in males in many hospitals. The increasing prevalence of smoking and other risk factors has contributed to this rise. Squamous cell carcinoma remains the most common histological type, although adenocarcinoma is becoming more prevalent.

Conclusion

Lung cancer remains a significant global health challenge due to its high prevalence and mortality rates. Advances in screening, diagnosis, and treatment have improved outcomes, but early detection remains critical. Continued research and public health efforts are essential to reduce the burden of lung cancer worldwide.