Male thrush
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Male Thrush: Behavioral Observations and Population Dynamics
Observational Learning in Male Thrushes
Imitation Behavior in Captive Male Thrush
A fascinating observation of a male thrush's behavior was recorded when a young thrush was placed in an aviary with an older male thrush. The older male, who had never mated or raised young, observed the parent birds feeding the young thrush through the bars of the aviary. Remarkably, the older male began to imitate this behavior, attempting to feed the young bird with bread, milk, and other foods. Initially, the young thrush was hesitant but eventually accepted the food. Over time, the parent birds ceased their feeding attempts, leaving the young thrush entirely in the care of the older male, who successfully nurtured it to self-sufficiency1. This case highlights the capacity for observational learning in male thrushes, even in the absence of prior parental experience.
Population Dynamics and Habitat Preferences
Sex and Age Ratios in Bicknell's Thrush
Research on Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) wintering in Hispaniola revealed a male-biased sex ratio of 0.64 across the island, consistent with known biases in breeding areas. The study found geographic variation in sex ratios, with some sites showing male-biased ratios and others showing parity. Additionally, the proportion of adult thrushes was 0.72, with significant adult biases at certain sites. Interestingly, the density of understory vegetation was positively correlated with the proportion of male thrushes, suggesting sexual habitat segregation where males prefer denser understory environments. However, age ratios did not show a significant association with vegetation characteristics or elevation2. These findings indicate that habitat structure plays a crucial role in the distribution and segregation of male thrushes during the wintering period.
Recovery of the Endangered Amami Thrush
The Amami Thrush (Zoothera dauma major), an endemic subspecies on Amami-Oshima Island in Japan, has shown signs of population recovery. Song-count surveys from 2007 to 2013 estimated the number of singing males to be between 945 and 1,858 up to 2012, with a significant increase to 2,512 in 2013. Assuming a balanced sex ratio, the total population size was estimated by doubling the number of singing males. The study also found that the Amami Thrush was more abundant in older forests with less open habitat, indicating the importance of forest maturity for thrush abundance. The eradication of the invasive small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) likely contributed to the population recovery, emphasizing the need for continued conservation efforts and population monitoring3. This case underscores the impact of habitat quality and invasive species management on the conservation of male thrush populations.
Conclusion
The studies on male thrushes reveal significant insights into their behavioral adaptability and the factors influencing their population dynamics. Observational learning in male thrushes demonstrates their ability to adapt to new roles, while habitat preferences and conservation efforts highlight the importance of environmental factors in their survival and recovery. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for the effective conservation and management of thrush populations.
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Song-count surveys and population estimates reveal the recovery of the endangered Amami Thrush Zoothera dauma major , which is endemic to Amami-Oshima Island in south-western Japan
The Amami Thrush's population has recovered, likely due to forest regeneration and mongoose eradication, but continued monitoring and public participation are needed for conservation efforts.
Thrush in malignant neoplastic disease.
Thrush is most frequently found in infants or debilitated patients with serious diseases such as a malignant neoplasm. Candida albicans is the causative organism in most cases, although C. tropicalis,1C. pseudotropicalis,2C. krusei,3C. parapsilosis,4and C. guilliermondi,5have all been reported as pathogenic agents for man. The Candida are common saprophytes of the gastrointestinal tract and may assume a pathogenic role under certain circumstances. Candida infections may be increasing in frequency, and antibiotic and adrenal corticosteroid therapy have been implicated as a cause of this increase by many authors.6-8 Brown and Hazen's isolation of nystatin from Streptomyces noursei9has given impetus to the study of Candida infections. This antibiotic is effective against Candida in vitro,10and clinical reports are generally favorable. Little is known of the natural history of untreated thrush or of the efficacy of simple cleansing of the
Revisiting oral thrush in Southeast Asian patients: A review of published studies (2000-2020).
Most studies on oral candidiasis in Southeast Asia focus on HIV-positive patients, with limited data on non-HIV immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients.
Systematic ReviewThrush in the Newborn
Newborn oral thrush is more common in the first week of life, with variations in incidence depending on factors such as maternal treatment, early discharge, and daily mouth examination.
Neonatal Thrush Is Not Associated with Mode of Delivery
There is no significant correlation between mode of delivery and the development of neonatal thrush, suggesting mode of delivery is not a significant factor in thrush development.
Observational StudyLaryngeal Thrush
Laryngeal thrush is a rare and potentially preventable condition, with potential causative factors including systemic steroids, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and inhaled steroids.
Case ReportOral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity
Oral candidiasis, also known as thrush, is a highly opportunistic fungal infection influenced by host immune defenses and the potential for pathogen transformation.
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