An average two-year-old child in cities with water containing 0.37 to 1.04 ppm of fluoride has a daily fluoride intake of 0.315 to 0.610 mg/day from food, water, and beverages.

Estimated Fluoride Intake of Average Two-year-old Children in Four Dietary Regions of the United States

A representative diet of 16-19 year old males contains 0.8 to 0.9 mg fluoride per day, well below toxic levels, and children up to 8 years of age do not experience toxic effects from fluoride.

The fluoride content of a representative diet of the young adult male.

Low levels of fluoride are consumed in the United States by young adult males aged 16-19 years, indicating a need for further research on fluoride intake.

Fluoride intake of young male adults in the United States

Current fluoride intake guidelines are inadequate for individuals due to varying fluoride metabolism, susceptibility windows, and other factors.

Review of Fluoride Intake and Appropriateness of Current Guidelines

Children in three Colombian cities have a mean daily fluoride intake above the 'optimal range'; health authorities should promote appropriate use of fluoridated dentifrices and education on proper toothbrushing practices.

Total fluoride intake in children aged 22-35 months in four Colombian cities.

In fluoridated cities, 15-19-year-old males have an average daily dietary fluoride intake of 1.85 mg/day, while in non-fluoridated cities, they have an average daily intake of 0.86 mg/day.

Dietary Fluoride Intake of 15-19-year-old Male Adults Residing in the United States

Infants aged 1 to 6 months have a dietary fluoride intake of 0.32 mg/day in the first 4 weeks, increasing to 1.23 mg/day in the next 4 months, and 0.16 mg/kg in the 6-month-old infant.

Dietary fluoride intake of infants.

High levels of fluoride in certain products significantly contribute to overall fluoride intake in 24-month-old children, highlighting the need for close monitoring and clear product labels.

Estimated Dietary Fluoride Intake by 24-Month-Olds from Chocolate Bars, Cookies, Infant Cereals, and Chocolate Drinks in Brazil

Infants and toddlers in most cities with high fluoride levels have dietary fluoride intake within the optimum range, but ingestion of fluoride-containing dentifrice or milk formula diluted with fluoridated water may lead to higher intake levels.

Dietary fluoride intake of 6-month and 2-year-old children in four dietary regions of the United States.

Most 1- to 3-year-old Brazilian children have a daily fluoride intake above the recommended threshold for dental fluorosis, with dentifrice accounting for 81.5% of their intake, and fingernail fluoride levels not significantly affecting intake.

Fluoride ingestion from toothpaste and diet in 1- to 3-year-old Brazilian children.

The optimal daily dose of fluoride for children is 0.068 mg/kg/d from optimally fluoridated tap water, with supplementation not exceeding this dose.

The average daily dose of fluoride: a model based on fluid consumption.

Infants up to 6 months of age should not exceed 0.127 mg of fluoride per kilogram of body weight per day, regardless of whether they consume human milk or cow's milk and live in communities with fluoridated water.

Total fluoride intake of infants.

Reducing daily fluoride intake in young children is crucial to avoid developing dental fluorosis, even in optimally water-fluoridated communities.

Fluoride intake from foods, beverages and dentifrice by young children in communities with negligibly and optimally fluoridated water: a pilot study.

The AI for children of 0.05 mg/kg body weight per day can also be applied to adults, including pregnant and lactating women, without data on a dose-response relationship between fluoride intake and caries for adults.

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride

To protect Ghanaians from dental fluorosis, the maximum fluoride concentration in drinking water should be 0.6 mg F(-) L(-1) for children under 6-8 years, and 1.0 mg F(-) L(-1) for older children and adults.

Recommendations for fluoride limits in drinking water based on estimated daily fluoride intake in the Upper East Region, Ghana.

Optimal fluoride intake for children with no caries history and no fluorosis is difficult to determine due to overlap among caries/fluorosis groups and extreme variability in individual fluoride intakes.

Considerations on optimal fluoride intake using dental fluorosis and dental caries outcomes--a longitudinal study.

Total daily fluoride intake in 3- to 4-year-old children in the Gaza Strip increased with higher fluoride concentrations in tap water, with foods being the primary source.

Total daily fluoride intake and the relative contributions of foods, drinks and toothpaste by 3- to 4-year-old children in the Gaza Strip - Palestine.

High fluoride intake may reduce calcium absorption and retention in calcified tissues, potentially impacting bone health in individuals with metabolic bone disease.

Effects of High Fluoride Intake on Utilization of Dietary Calcium and on Solubility of Calcified Tissues

Small amounts of fluoride can benefit dental health, but excessive intake can cause adverse effects like dental and skeletal fluorosis.

Fluoride in Human Health and Nutrition.

Optimal fluoride levels in bottled drinking water, carbonated soft drinks, and fruit juices in Davangere city, India, need regulation to maintain dental health.

Fluoride content in bottled drinking waters, carbonated soft drinks and fruit juices in Davangere city, India.

These studies suggest that daily fluoride intake varies widely based on age, diet, and local water fluoridation levels, with children and young adults generally consuming between 0.315 mg to 1.85 mg per day, and some groups potentially exceeding optimal levels.