Reducing sodium intake by 1000mg/day is generally recommended, with further reductions to 1500mg/d being controversial and individualized for specific subgroups at increased risk of hypertension or stroke.

Dietary Sodium and Blood Pressure: How Low Should We Go?

Reducing sodium intake by 1000 mg/day is generally recommended, with further reductions to 2400 mg/d generally beneficial, but further reductions to 1500 mg/d remain controversial.

A moderate sodium intake (3 to 5 g/day) is associated with the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality, and a mean target of below 5 g/day is reasonable for populations.

Sodium Intake and Health: What Should We Recommend Based on the Current Evidence?

A sodium intake of 2.0 g/day is a safe and adequate intake for adults, pregnant and lactating women, and children aged 11-17 years.

Dietary reference values for sodium

Sodium intakes exceed recommended levels in almost all countries, with small differences by age and sex, suggesting that virtually all populations could benefit from sodium reduction and enhanced surveillance.

Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide

Most US adults consume too much sodium and too little potassium, regardless of recommendations or sociodemographic or health characteristics.

Sodium and potassium intakes among US adults: NHANES 2003-2008.

Daily sodium intake is significantly higher than recommended levels for both individuals with and without high blood pressure, highlighting the need for increased efforts to reduce sodium intake to achieve Healthy People 2010 goals.

Sodium intake among people with normal and high blood pressure.

Sodium intake remains above recommended levels in all adult populations, with poor adherence to guidelines, highlighting the need for novel interventions to reduce sodium intake.

Trends in Dietary Sodium Intake in the United States and the Impact of USDA Guidelines: NHANES 1999-2016.

Despite 47.6% of individuals aged 2 years meeting the 1,500 mg sodium limit, 98.6% had usual daily sodium intake >1,500 mg, highlighting the need for population-based strategies and increased public health efforts to meet Dietary Guidelines recommendations.

Usual sodium intakes compared with current dietary guidelines --- United States, 2005-2008.

Current guidelines recommending low sodium intake for individuals may be unfeasible, uncertain, and unproven effective in reducing cardiovascular disease.

Salt and cardiovascular disease: insufficient evidence to recommend low sodium intake.

Reducing sodium intake from 2300 to 1000 mg/day stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system without increasing resting sympathetic outflow and reduces sympathetic vascular transduction in normotensive adults.

Reducing Dietary Sodium to 1000 mg per Day Reduces Neurovascular Transduction Without Stimulating Sympathetic Outflow

The LowSalt4Life mobile application effectively reduced dietary sodium intake in adults with hypertension, but did not significantly impact self-confidence in following a low sodium diet or 24-hour urinary sodium excretion.

Effects of a Novel Contextual Just-In-Time Mobile App Intervention (LowSalt4Life) on Sodium Intake in Adults With Hypertension: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Sodium intake can be estimated using 24-hour recall methods for large epidemiologic studies and individual counseling, while controlled diet feeding-trial designs are the most reliable method for early phase clinical trials.

Measuring sodium intake: research and clinical applications

Adherence to sodium intake recommendations is significantly less than total sodium intake, especially among those with lower sodium intake.

Dietary Sodium Intake and Sodium Density in the United States - Estimates from NHANES 2005-2006 and 2015-2016.

High sodium intake is associated with 1.65 million annual deaths from cardiovascular causes, mainly in low- and middle-income countries and premature deaths.

Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes.

Lowering sodium intake may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, but achieving a target of less than 2 g/day is challenging in many countries.

Urinary sodium excretion, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: a community-level prospective epidemiological cohort study

A low daily sodium intake in chronic hemodialysis patients is associated with inadequately low intake of calories, proteins, minerals, trace elements, and vitamin B1.

Dietary Daily Sodium Intake Lower than 1500 mg Is Associated with Inadequately Low Intake of Calorie, Protein, Iron, Zinc and Vitamin B1 in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis

Reducing salt content in food products, particularly in baked goods, can significantly improve population health and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases like hypertension, obesity, and stomach cancer.

Initiatives to Reduce the Content of Sodium in Food Products and Meals and Improve the Population’s Health

Isolated urinary sodium/potassium ratio is a better predictor of hypertension progression than estimated daily salt intake in the Chilean population, with higher associations in women.

AN ISOLATED URINARY SODIUM/POTASSIUM RATIO IS A BETTER PREDICTOR OF PROGRESSION OF HYPERTENSION THAN THE ESTIMATED DAILY INTAKE OF SALT IN THE CHILEAN POPULATION: THE ASSOCIATION IS HIGHER IN WOMEN

Reducing sodium intake may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, but there is limited evidence on the impact of sodium intake on other health outcomes.

Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence

Some studies suggest reducing sodium intake by 1000 mg/day is beneficial, while other studies recommend a moderate intake of 3 to 5 g/day for the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality.